A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Online Psychoeducation Course for Improving Knowledge and Access to Mental Health Accommodations in Canadian Enterprises
A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Online Psychoeducation Course for Improving Knowledge and Access to Mental Health Accommodations in Canadian Enterprises
Available research on mental health accommodations within the workplace suggests that employees with mental health concerns require accommodations (e.g., flexible scheduling, quiet spaces), but only a fraction of employees will receive the accommodations they have requested. Reported barriers to receiving mental health accommodations include concerns regarding stigma, lack of knowledge about appropriate accommodations, financial constraints of the employer, and size of the organization. While there is growing research on workplace accommodations, there is a paucity of research available on interventions aimed at improving accommodation usage, particularly within SMEs. To address this gap, the intent of the proposed study is to develop and implement an online psychoeducation course to increase employees' accommodation knowledge and usage within Canadian enterprises. Once the course is developed, reviewed, and implemented, an additional aim of the proposed study will be to test the efficacy of the course using a two-arm, randomized controlled trial comparing the intervention to a wait-list control group. A total of 86 participants experiencing workplace impairments due to a depressive and/or anxiety disorder will be randomly assigned to a psychoeducation group or wait-list control group. A 2x3 repeated measures (i.e., pre-course, at four weeks and eight weeks) mixed model ANOVA will be used to analyze the effects of the intervention on accommodation requests, knowledge of accommodations, absenteeism/presenteeism rates, employee self-efficacy, and psychological symptoms. The results of the study may be used to develop future offerings of the course and improve mental health accommodations practices within Canadian enterprises.
In this study, the first phase of the study will be to develop the online psychoeducation course. Once the course is developed it will be reviewed by experts in the field of accommodations (e.g., Human Resource professionals, lawyers) and their suggestions will be reviewed and possibly implemented before the course is delivered to employees. Experts providing feedback will be asked to review and complete a consent form prior to reviewing one or more lessons. After reviewing a lesson, they will be provided with an opportunity to give lesson feedback through the completion of a short questionnaire. Total participation time is expected to be 1 hour. Experts will be eligible for the study if they meet the following criteria: (1) are 18 years of age or older; (2) have knowledge or experience with workplace accommodations; and (3) are Canadian residents. Experts will be excluded if he/she: (1) is not 18 years of age or older); (2) Do not have knowledge or experience with workplace accommodations; (3) are not a resident of Canada
The course will be comprised of the following lessons:
Lesson 1: Anxiety and depression in the workplace. This lesson will include information on how to identify symptoms of depression and anxiety in the workplace. To accomplish this the DSM-5 criteria for depression and anxiety will be provided along with practical work examples (e.g., difficulty with concentration in meetings). Participants will also be presented with examples of the functional limitations that are commonly associated with depression and anxiety symptoms (e.g., missing important deadlines due to procrastination behaviours). Information on the prevalence of depression and anxiety in Canada/World will also be provided to counteract any stigmatic attitudes or beliefs.
Lesson 2: Accommodations for mental health concerns. Within this lesson, participants will be presented with the Canadian legislation on reasonable workplace accommodations. This information will include a discussion on undue hardship and how this may impact the receipt and types of accommodations available within Canadian enterprises. Participants will also be provided with common examples of accommodations frequently identified within the research literature (e.g., flexible work schedules, quiet spaces). In addition, the benefits of receiving accommodations for mental health concerns (e.g., improved productivity, reduced symptomology) will be discussed. The lesson will conclude with the potential barriers (e.g., stigma, organizational barriers) and facilitators (e.g., supportive work environments) to requesting and receiving accommodations. Strategies to overcome potential barriers will also be addressed.
Lesson 3: Requesting an accommodation and disclosure. This lesson will focus on strategies for requesting an accommodation within a Canadian enterprise. This will include information on when, how, to whom, and what should be disclosed when requesting an accommodation. Employees will also be provided with information on the pros and cons of making an accommodation request. In addition, they will be provided with information on what to disclose when making the request (i.e., full disclosure ["I have depression] or selective disclosure ["I have an illness]), the pros and cons of disclosure, and information on the tasks for preparing to disclose. It will also be emphasized within the lesson that full disclosure may not be required to receive an acceptable accommodation.
Lesson 4: Future management. The psychoeducational course will conclude with a lesson on strategies for managing depression and anxiety symptoms within Canadian enterprises with or without an accommodation. This will include information on managing symptoms within the work environment such as, managing expectations, tackling avoidance strategies, progressive muscle relaxation, and fostering workplace relationships/supports.
The second aim of the proposed study will be to test the efficacy of the course using a two arm, randomized controlled trial. The sample size of 43 participants per arm is based on a power analysis for an ANOVA: repeated measures, between factors, with a medium effect size (f = 0.25), an alpha of 0.05, correlation among repeated measure of 0.5, and power of 0.80.
All interested participants will be directed to the study website (www.onlinetherapyuser.ca), where they will be presented with a consent form explaining the screening protocol (i.e., online screening consent). After consent is given, participants will be assessed for program eligibility using an Internet-delivered screening questionnaire. The online screening questionnaire captures demographic information (e.g., sex, ethnicity, location), contact details (e.g., telephone number, email address), eligibility information (e.g., medical history, mental health history, symptom measurements), and information on workplace functioning (e.g., self-reported absenteeism, presenteeism, disclosure questions, self-efficacy, self-stigma, workers' relation scale, workplace inclusion). This data will be made available to participants in an online survey created and hosted by REDcap (Research Electronic Data Capture) software.
Once participants have been assessed for program eligibility using the online screening tool, they will asked to schedule a telephone interview. During the telephone interview, the primary investigator will ask a series of follow-up questions (i.e., Telephone Interview Guide) to the online screening questionnaire to ensure program eligibility as per exclusion criteria. Participants who meet any of the exclusion criteria during the online screening phase will be provided with an explanation for their ineligibility and encouraged to contact the researcher via email if they have any questions or concerns.
Participants who are appropriate for the study will be assigned to their randomized group (i.e., Psycho-education course or wait-list control group). At this point, participants assigned to the psycho-education group will be provided user-names and temporary password words by phone to access the course. Participants assigned to the wait-list group will be provided with their user name and password 8 weeks following the telephone screening date. Before beginning the course, all participants will be presented with a course consent form that will explain the nature of the intervention.
The lessons will take approximately 30 to 45 minutes for participants to review. Once participants have completed a lesson, they will be granted access to the next lesson the following day, which will allow them to complete multiple lessons within any given week. To minimize time pressures, participants will be instructed that follow-up measures (i.e., same measures included in the screening questionnaire minus the AUDIT/DUDIT and clinical history) will be available four weeks and eight weeks after they have been provided access to the course. Should negative effects be observed (e.g. self-reported symptoms increase, absenteeism/presenteeism numbers significantly rise) at any point, participants will be reminded of the resources (e.g., family doctor, mental health websites, mental health agencies) available to them. These resources will be documented and posted on the website for easy reference.
The use of a wait-list control group will provide a comparison group to determine the effects of the psychoeducation course. It will also circumvent any ethical concerns with failing to provide a potentially helpful intervention. Participants assigned to the wait-list group will be assigned a start date eight weeks after the pre-screen interview and sent an automatic reminder email a few days prior to their start date. The wait-list group will also be sent a link through email to complete measures (i.e., PHQ-9, Accommodation/Disclosure questions, WHO HPQ) four-weeks after the telephone screen for comparison purposes and to maintain engagement in the study. No further contact will be provided during the eight-week wait-list period. Following completion of the wait-list period, the participants will be provided their user name and password so they may access the psycho-education course and measures will be requested again at 4-weeks and 8-weeks post course access.
Inclusion Criteria:
are 18 years of age or older;
are a resident of Canada;
are experiencing at least clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and/or depression (i.e., symptoms are severe enough to impact work performance);
- I.e., a GAD-7 score of 10 or greater, or SIAS score of 7 or greater, SPS-6 score of 2 or greater, PHQ-0 score of 10 or greater, be absent from work a minimum of .3 days in the last 28 days, have a presenteeism score of 40 or greater.
have not been hospitalized within the last year for mental health and/or suicide risk concerns;
have access to a secure computer and the Internet, and is comfortable using technology.
Exclusion Criteria: