Low enrolment rate

This is an Italian, single center, randomized, phase II study. ATRA (all-trans retinoic acid) and derivatives (retinoids) are promising anticancer agents and exert their anti-proliferative, differentiating and apoptotic effects through the nuclear retinoic acid receptors, including RARα (retinoic acid receptor alpha). Although the clinical use of ATRA in haematological malignancies (Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, APL) is well established, its use in solid tumors is limited. However, some recent pre-clinical evidence suggests a possible role of ATRA in the treatment of specific subtypes of HR-positive (Hormonal Receptor)/HER2-negative early breast cancer (eBC).

Moving from pre-clinical evidence and given the well-known retinoid mechanism of action, The hypotheses is that ATRA contributes to tumor regression in a specific sub-population of eBCs. Using a preoperative "window-of-opportunity" model, aimed at testing the activity of ATRA in combination with anastrozole in postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed, resectable, HR+/HER2- eBCs.

This is an Italian, single center, randomized, phase II study. ATRA (all-trans retinoic acid) and derivatives (retinoids) are promising anticancer agents and exert their anti-proliferative, differentiating and apoptotic effects through the nuclear retinoic acid receptors, including RARα (retinoic acid receptor alpha). Although the clinical use of ATRA in haematological malignancies (Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, APL) is well established, its use in solid tumors is limited. However, some recent pre-clinical evidence suggests a possible role of ATRA in the treatment of specific subtypes of HR-positive (Hormonal Receptor)/HER2-negative early breast cancer (eBC).

This is a prospective, randomized Phase 2 window-of opportunity pre-operative clinical trial to study the activity of ATRA in combination with anastrozole in HR+/HER2- eBCs. All patients will receive primary treatment with anastrozole p.o. (intended as standard of care) and will be randomized to add or not ATRA p.o. Patients will receive study treatments by continuous once-daily administration for a period of 4 weeks before definitive surgery. Treatment will start 28 days before the scheduled surgical resection and will be completed at the time of surgery, scheduled no more than 1 week after completion of the study treatment. The interval between diagnostic core biopsy, baseline clinical evaluation and study entry must be no more than 4 weeks.

The study will compare the anti-tumor activity of the treatments in the two arms (ATRA+anastrozole or Aa vs. anastrozole alone or a). In this comparison, the primary outcome measure is the proportion of complete BC cells cycle arrest (defined as Ki67 < 2.7%), as previously reported. Indeed, the responder patients will be defined according the achievement of an absolute value of Ki67 < 2.7% because of its predictive value on relapse-free survival. The study aims at demonstrating that the ATRA+anastrozole (Aa) arm is characterized by significant therapeutic superiority over the anastrozole (a) arm.

Clinical and ultrasound examinations, trascriptome analysis on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples will be performed, at baseline and at the time of definitive surgery

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Signed, informed consent

2. Histologically confirmed non-metastatic operable primary invasive HR-positive breast cancer subjected to diagnostic core biopsy

3. Menopausal status

4. HR-positive/HER2-negative eBC defined as

   • ER>1% on immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining
   • HER2 score equal to 0, 1+, 2+ (if FISH neg) on IHC staining

5. Available paraffin-embedded tumor block (FFPE) taken at diagnostic biopsy for Ki67 determination (IHC)

6. Adequate bone marrow, hepatic and renal function including the following:

   1. Hb ≥ 9.0 g/dL, absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1.5 x 109/L, platelets ≥100 x 109/L
   2. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper normal limit, excluding cases where elevated bilirubin can be attributed to Gilberts Syndrome
   3. AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT) ≤ 2.5 x upper normal limit (or 5x UNL in the presence of liver metastases)
   4. Creatinine ≤ 1.5 x upper normal limit

7. Age ≥ 18 years

8. Performance status (PS) ≤ 1 (ECOG scale)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Presence of metastatic disease
2. Pre-menopausal status
3. Previous investigational treatment for any condition within 4 weeks of randomization date
4. Treatment including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biotherapy and/or hormonal therapy for the currently diagnosed breast cancer prior to study entry
5. Co-existing active infection or serious concurrent illness
6. Any medical or other condition that in the Investigator's opinion renders the patient unsuitable for this study due to unacceptable risk
7. Psychiatric disorders or altered mental status precluding understanding of the informed consent process and/or completion of the necessary studies
8. Gastrointestinal disorders that may interfere with absorption of the study drug.