FIND (Filming Interactions to Nurture Development) is a potentially disruptive innovation in the field of early childhood intervention. The scientific premise of this proposed work, for which the investigators have strong preliminary evidence, is that for families experiencing economic adversity and related stressors with children ages 12-36 months, the FIND video-coaching program is a potent and efficient tool that addresses many of the known limitations of existing parenting programs and therefore has great potential for achieving impact at scale to support low-income children's optimal development. Our research on FIND to date (including a recently completed randomized efficacy trial) provides evidence of effects on responsive caregiving and key child developmental outcomes at lower dosages (and with greater potential for scalability) than do most existing programs. Preliminary data also suggest that FIND may be especially effective for caregivers with high levels of adverse early life experiences (who are typically difficult to engage/impact). Finally, and potentially quite noteworthy, preliminary data indicate that FIND may achieve such effects via improvement in specific domains of underlying caregiver brain functioning. This research therefore aims to conduct a randomized effectiveness trial in the context of a diverse sample of low-income families with children ages 12-36 months (at study entry) using a longitudinal design with an active control condition.

The investigators will test the central hypothesis that associations between (a) increases in responsive caregiving (the main FIND target) and (b) subsequent caregiver well-being and child developmental and biobehavioral outcomes (secondary targets), will be partially mediated through (c) changes in caregiver neuroimaging-based and behavioral measures of inhibitory control and parent self-concept. The investigators will also examine moderators of hypothesized intervention effects.

Aim 1: Quantify main effects of FIND on intervention targets (changes in responsive caregiving) and related caregiver and child outcomes.

Hypothesis 1a: Compared with an active control, FIND will significantly increase developmentally supportive, responsive caregiving immediately post-intervention and will endure at the 6-month longitudinal follow-up. These effects will be associated with enduring improvements in self-reported caregiving self-efficacy and stress.

Hypothesis 1b: Compared with an active control, FIND will significantly improve child developmental outcomes on cognitive, socioemotional, expressive language and biobehavioral measures (including child chronic stress assessed via hair cortisol concentrations, HCC and Heart Rate Variability, HRV), as well as measures of caregiver and child well-being. The investigators will also test whether FIND-related increases in responsive caregiving (Hypothesis 1a) are associated (at postintervention and 6-month follow-up) with child outcomes.

Aim 2: Use fMRI to identify process-level neural mechanisms underlying FIND intervention effects (i.e., why FIND works) and variations in these effects (i.e., for whom FIND works). The investigators hypothesize that FIND-related changes in underlying brain and behavioral mechanisms of caregiver inhibitory control and parenting self-concept will partially mediate observed changes in responsive caregiving. The investigators will also determine how between-subjects variation in changes in these brain measures is associated with differential response to sustained intervention impacts on responsive caregiving, which could be key in future work on increasing the impact of FIND for a broader range of recipients and on developing adaptations for low-responding groups.

Aim 3: Determine moderators of intervention impact, including child and caregiver variables and intervention fidelity and dosage. The investigators hypothesize that the relationship between FIND-related changes in caregiver brain activity, caregiving behavior, and caregiver/child outcomes will be moderated by characteristics of the family, including caregiver past/current adversity, family socioeconomic status, and child behavior.

The investigators further hypothesize that intervention effects will be moderated by fidelity and dosage. Work on this aim will subsequently enable the investigators to develop supplemental strategies to support those for whom FIND is less effective.

Assignment to group: Participants will be randomized to one of two conditions (FIND intervention or active control) before their baseline research visit. While multiple caregivers from one family may participate in the FIND intervention or active control condition (which will be documented and included in analyses), the primary caregiver from each eligible family will be the target participant. This participant will be the one randomized to condition, asked to complete the assessments, and, if they are in the FIND condition, the focus of the videos used in the intervention. Similarly, if families have more than one eligible child in the target age range, the investigators will ask caregivers to select one child who will be the focus of the videos and research assessments.

Intervention delivery. For the proposed study, the investigators will train coaches to fidelity to deliver either the FIND intervention or the active control intervention. The investigators have extensive experience and well-established protocols for training and maintaining fidelity during intervention trials, including video-based interventions. To minimize between-group differences in coach demographics, the investigators will match coaches who are delivering each intervention as closely as possible on levels of education and early childhood experience, and will include this information as covariates in our analyses of intervention effects. Although the investigators do not anticipate contamination of the FIND material into the active control, it is noteworthy that such contamination will narrow any differences between the groups, thus providing a more rigorous test of our hypotheses.

FIND intervention. FIND is a brief home-based video coaching intervention. FIND involves feedback provided by the coach to the caregiver using brief film clips derived from video of caregiver-child interaction collected in the home. The coaching focuses specifically and exclusively on showing caregivers instances in which they are engaging in developmentally supportive interactions during coaching sessions. FIND is delivered in 10 weekly home visits, each of which lasts 30-45 minutes. The process begins with an initial visit in which the coach provides an overview, records 10-15 minutes of the caregiver and child engaged in everyday interactions, and then introduces the concept of serve and return. The video is edited to show brief clips in which the caregiver is engaged in the first of five specific and precisely defined caregiver-based components of serve and return. The next week, the FIND coach reviews the edited clips in detail with the caregiver. Sessions continue, alternating between filming and coaching sessions until all five components have been covered sequentially, with each component building on prior ones. The hierarchical nature of the program is intentionally designed so that even partial completion of the program is hypothesized to confer benefits.

FIND editing and coaching processes are fully manualized, including certification protocols, fidelity forms, and rubrics, and designed to be both straightforward and highly replicable. For editing, three short clips are selected from the video gathered in the home. Each clip begins with a brief onscreen text description that is read aloud by the coach, which cues the caregiver to notice the child's initiation (serve) and his/her own supportive response (return). Then the clip plays three times: (1) all the way through; (2) with embedded pauses, which cue the coach to pause and comment on specific elements of the interaction; and (3) all the way through again, giving the caregiver an opportunity to consolidate what he or she has learned. As the clip is playing, the coach narrates the serve and return process. To ensure all families receive the full benefit of FIND, all FIND coaches will participate in the four-phase FIND certification process for coaching and editing, which includes an initial training, fidelity training, application for certification, and certification. The investigators have used this process to train more than 80 certified FIND interventionists to date.

Active control intervention. The active control condition for this study is designed to maximize rigor by controlling for nonspecific effects of FIND (supportive home visiting, child observation, and information about development) to determine the unique impact of the hypothesized "active ingredients" of FIND (i.e., specialized microsocial video coaching on the five caregiver-based components of serve and return). As such, families randomly assigned to the control condition will receive weekly home visits alternating between (a) coaching sessions covering one of five domains of child development (Motor, Cognitive, Language, Play, and Social-Emotional and (b) observation sessions that will include a review of the prior coaching session and an observation and discussion of the caregiver-child interaction. This intervention will consist of 10 home visits each lasting 25-30 minutes. The coach will not engage in any filming or video coaching, but will still be able to discuss caregiving concerns. Materials are adapted from the Partners for a Healthy Baby curriculum developed by Florida State University's Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy.

Inclusion:

• Must be a primary caregiver (18 years or older) with a child between the ages of 12-36 months at study entry
• Must live at or below 130% of the federal poverty line or receive services through foster care, TANF, SSI, or be currently homeless

Exclusion:

• Caregiver does not have custody of their child at least half-time each week
• Caregiver has metal implants, metal fragments, pacemaker, or other electronic medical implant
• Caregiver is claustrophobic
• Caregiver weighs > 550 lbs.
• Caregiver is or thinks they may be pregnant
• Caregiver has history of neurological disorders (e.g. twitching of the face, arms or legs; seizures)
• Caregiver has tattoos above the neck
• Caregiver has history of central nervous system infection (e.g. meningitis) or brain tumor
• Caregiver has muscular or myotonic dystrophy (i.e. a condition characterized by tonic muscle spasms)
• Caregiver has a significant visual impairment that cannot be corrected by glasses or contacts (e.g. strabismus)
• Caregiver has history of concussion or other brain trauma
• Caregiver is currently taking psychoactive medications (e.g. SSRIs)

All de-identified data collected from the study will be eligible for sharing externally. Audio/Video cannot be shared due to confidentiality, but data coded from these types of files will be made available.

Eligible IPD will be made available 1-year after the study is complete.

IPD access requests must be approved by the study's Principal Investigator, Dr. Philip Fisher. Requests should include information about who will be given access to the IPD and what the IPD will be used for. If approved, a Data Use Agreement (DUA) will need to be completed between the University of Oregon and the institution where the IPD will be sent.

Research assistants collecting the data during lab visits will not know the condition of the participant and will therefore not be biased during data collection.