received standard school classes and usual activities offered at the kindergarten. Briefly, kindergarten activities included daily learning activities, outdoor activities, breakfast, lunch, snacks, and nap time.

This program was carried out for 50 min/week over 8 weeks to empower parents with knowledge and self-efficacy about children's screen use, and motivate them to monitor and change their children's screen behaviors. Teaching strategies included lectures, group discussions, reflection, role playing, and peer sharing (Table 1). Topics included 1) parents' and children's screen use, 2) the relationship between network equipment and children's internet use, 3) the positive and negative effects of excessive screen use on children's physical and psychological development, 4) limiting screen use at mealtimes and bedtime, 5) strategies for screen-related devices, 6) alternative activities to screen use, such as board games and outdoor activities, 7) setting a target of appropriate screen times, and 8) encouraging the signing of a contract between parents and children to limit screen time. We also provided parents with a handbook of the course content.

children's screen time, was measured by parents as the time children spent watching TV/DVD/videos, playing TV games, and using a computer on weekdays and weekends.