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Conversion disorder refers to impaired voluntary motor or sensory functions that are not compatible with a well-known neurological condition. This disorder affects up to 30% of hospitalized patients in neurology departments and symptoms persist in 35% of patients after 12 years of evolution. Despite a poor prognosis, no treatments have been validated to date.
The development of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques has allowed the creation of treatments focused on dysfunctional brain regions associated with motor conversion disorder. Hypoactivation of prefrontal dorso-lateral cortex underlies the course of functional motor symptoms. Results of the HYCORE study conducted at Nîmes University Hospital (including 20 patients, clinicaltrial.gov NCT02329626) confirmed these results and related hypoactivation of PFDLC to persistent motor disability at 3 months and 6 months follow-up. Activation of the PFDLC could restore executive control and thus promote the recovery of motor symptoms.
However, in most repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) the primary motor areas were targeted and the clinical improvement was related to self-suggestion induced by the motor response produced.
Among the different techniques, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a medical neuromodulation device that delivers a direct, low-intensity electric current to cortical areas, facilitating neuronal activity. Recently, PFDLC stimulation via tDCS has been used to treat several neuropsychiatric disorders and shown to be effective in depression. In addition, this technique has several advantages compared to rTMS: its use is simpler and costs 5 to 8 times less, the device is portable and there is no titration procedure. The tolerance of the tDCS is also better with no risk of epileptic seizure, neuronal depolarization being absent.
Conversion disorder, also called "functional neurological disorder" (DSM-5), refers to impaired voluntary motor or sensory functions that are not compatible with a well-known neurological condition. This disorder affects up to 30% of hospitalized patients in neurology departments (Carson et al. 2000) and the symptoms persist in 35% of patients after 12 years of evolution (Stone et al. 2003). Despite a poor prognosis, no treatments have been validated to date.
The development of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques has allowed the creation of focused treatments on dysfunctional brain regions associated with motor conversion disorder. A hypoactivation of prefrontal dorso-lateral cortex (PFDLC) underlies the course of functional motor symptoms (Spence et al. 2000); (Voon et al.2011); (Conejero et al. 2017). Results of the HYCORE study that the investigators conducted at Nîmes University Hospital (including 20 patients, clinicaltrial.gov NCT02329626) confirmed these results and related hypoactivation of PFDLC to persistent motor disability at 3 months and 6 months follow-up. Activation of the PFDLC could restore executive control and thus promote the recovery of motor symptoms.
However, in the majority of repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) the primary motor areas were targeted (Pollak et al. 2014) and the clinical improvement was related to self-suggestion induced by the motor response produced.
Among the different techniques, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a medical neuromodulation device that delivers a direct, low-intensity electric current to cortical areas, facilitating neuronal activity. Recently, PFDLC stimulation via tDCS has been used to treat several neuropsychiatric disorders and shown to be effective in depression. In addition, this technique has several advantages compared to rTMS: its use is simpler and costs 5 to 8 times less, the device is portable and there is no titration procedure. The tolerance of the tDCS is also better with no risk of epileptic seizure, neuronal depolarization being absent.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| "active tDCS" group | Active Comparator | Patients will benefit from a series of 10 double-blind effective tDCS stimulation sessions over a period of 5 days (Monday to Friday): each stimulation series will include two daily stimulation sessions spaced 3 hours apart for 5 days. |
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| "sham tDCS" group | Sham Comparator | Patients will benefit from a series of 10 double-blind placebo tDCS stimulation sessions over a period of 5 days (Monday to Friday): each stimulation series will include two daily stimulation sessions spaced 3 hours apart for 5 days. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation with non-implanted electrodes | Device | Neurostimulation with non-implanted electrodes |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of the efficacy of tDCS stimulation of the left PFDLC to treat motor disability in patients with conversion disorder 3 months after the intervention. | Evaluation of the efficacy of tDCS stimulation of the left PFDLC to treat motor disability in patients with conversion disorder at 3 months after the stimulation procedure with the EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale). The Expanded Disability Status Scale is a rating scale of disability divided into eight systems or functional parameters, four major: pyramidal function, cerebellar function, sensory function and brainstem function; four minor: sphincters,vision, mind and others. An encrypted score of increasing severities (0 to 6 or 7) is given to each functional parameter. The overall score of the scale is measured on a scale of 20 levels (0 to 10 per half-point). Up to level 3.5, the score obtained in each functional parameter and the number of affected functional parameters automaticaly determines the EDSS score. From 4 to 7, the definition of each level is also given by the inability to walk (ability to walk without stopping - need for assistance). | 3 months after the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of the efficacy on motor symptoms at D7 with NIHSS | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor symptoms at Day 7 with the National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS). The National Institute of Health Stroke Score includes the following domains : level of consciousness, eye movements, integrity of visual fields, facial movements, arm and leg muscle strength, sensation, coordination, language, speech and neglect. Each impairment is scored on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 2, 0 to 3, or 0 to 4. Item scores are summed to a total score ranging from 0 to 42 (the higher the score, the more severe the stroke). Duration = 10 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ismael CONEJERO, Dr. | Contact | 07 70 21 62 38 | ismael.conejero@gmail.com |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ismael CONEJERO, Dr. | CHU de Nîmes (Nîmes University Hospital) | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre Hospitalier Universitaire | Recruiting | Nîmes | Gard | 30029 | France |
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Prospective multicentre controlled randomized, double-blind, two-arm study
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Patients will then be randomized and assigned to one of the 2 groups: the first group will receive a series of 10 effective stimulation sessions (experimental group "active tDCS") and the second group will receive a series of 10 placebo stimulation sessions (control group "sham tDCS").
| 7 days after the intervention |
| Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on motor symptoms at 1 month | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor symptoms at 1 month with National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS). The National Institute of Health Stroke Score includes the following domains : level of consciousness, eye movements, integrity of visual fields, facial movements, arm and leg muscle strength, sensation, coordination, language, speech and neglect. Each impairment is scored on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 2, 0 to 3, or 0 to 4. Item scores are summed to a total score ranging from 0 to 42 (the higher the score, the more severe the stroke). Duration = 10 minutes | 1 month after the intervention |
| Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on motor symptoms at 3 months | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor symptoms at 3 months with the National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS). The National Institute of Health Stroke Score includes the following domains : level of consciousness, eye movements, integrity of visual fields, facial movements, arm and leg muscle strength, sensation, coordination, language, speech and neglect. Each impairment is scored on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 2, 0 to 3, or 0 to 4. Item scores are summed to a total score ranging from 0 to 42 (the higher the score, the more severe the stroke). Duration = 10 minutes | 3 months after the intervention |
| Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on motor symptoms at 6 months | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor symptoms at 6 months with National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS). The National Institute of Health Stroke Score includes the following domains : level of consciousness, eye movements, integrity of visual fields, facial movements, arm and leg muscle strength, sensation, coordination, language, speech and neglect. Each impairment is scored on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 2, 0 to 3, or 0 to 4. Item scores are summed to a total score ranging from 0 to 42 (the higher the score, the more severe the stroke). Duration = 10 minutes | 6 months after the intervention |
| Evaluation of the efficacy on motor disability with EDSS score at D7. | Evaluation of the efficacy of the intervention on motor symptoms at D7 using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The Expanded Disability Status Scale is a method of quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis. The scale was developed by John F. Kurtzke and an EDSS calculator is available on line. The EDSS is based on a neurological examination by a clinician, however a number of versions have been developed to enable patient self-administration.The EDSS quantifies disability in eight Functional Systems (FS) by assigning a Functional System Score (FSS) in each of these functional systems: pyramidal, cerebellar, brainstem, sensory, bowel and bladder, visual, cerebral,other. The scale ranges from 0.0 (normal neurological examination) to 10.0 (death due to multiple sclerosis). | 7 days after the intervention |
| Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on motor disability with EDSS at 1 month | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy of the intervention using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at 1 month. The Expanded Disability Status Scale is a method of quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis. The scale was developed by John F. Kurtzke and an EDSS calculator is available on line. The EDSS is based on a neurological examination by a clinician, however a number of versions have been developed to enable patient self-administration.The EDSS quantifies disability in eight Functional Systems (FS) by assigning a Functional System Score (FSS) in each of these functional systems: pyramidal, cerebellar, brainstem, sensory, bowel and bladder, visual, cerebral,other. The scale ranges from 0.0 (normal neurological examination) to 10.0 (death due to multiple sclerosis). | 1 month after the intervention |
| Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on motor disability with EDSS at 6 months. | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy of the intervention on motor disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at 6 months.The Expanded Disability Status Scale is a method of quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis. The scale was developed by John F. Kurtzke and an EDSS calculator is available on line. The EDSS is based on a neurological examination by a clinician, however a number of versions have been developed to enable patient self-administration.The EDSS quantifies disability in eight Functional Systems (FS) by assigning a Functional System Score (FSS) in each of these functional systems: pyramidal, cerebellar, brainstem, sensory, bowel and bladder, visual, cerebral,other. The scale ranges from 0.0 (normal neurological examination) to 10.0 (death due to multiple sclerosis). | 6 month after the intervention |
| WHO score at D7 | Evaluation of the efficacy of the intervention on motor disability with WHO Performance Status at Day 7. The WHO (World Health Organization) Performance Status is a 5-point scale and is the simplest and fastest indicator to judge the state of autonomy of a person: 0 Fully active, able to carry on all pre-disease performance without restriction
| 7 days after the intervention |
| WHO score at 1 month | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy of the intervention on motor disability with WHO score at 1 month.The WHO (World Health Organization) Performance Status is a 5-point scale and is the simplest and fastest indicator to judge the state of autonomy of a person: 0 Fully active, able to carry on all pre-disease performance without restriction
| 1 month after the intervention |
| WHO score at 3 months | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy of the intervention on motor disability with WHO at 3 months.The WHO (World Health Organization) Performance Status is a 5-point scale and is the simplest and fastest indicator to judge the state of autonomy of a person: 0 Fully active, able to carry on all pre-disease performance without restriction
| 3 months after the intervention |
| WHO score at 6 months | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy of the intervention on motor disability with WHO at 3 months. The WHO (World Health Organization) Performance Status is a 5-point scale and is the simplest and fastest indicator to judge the state of autonomy of a person: 0 Fully active, able to carry on all pre-disease performance without restriction
| 3 months after the intervention |
| CGI (Clinical Global Impression) scores at Day 7 | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor disability with Clinical Global Impression score at Day 7. The CGI is a set of two scales with points ranging from 1 -7. The first set describes the Severity of Illness ( 1 = no illness or symptoms of disorder for the past 7 days and 7 = among the most drastically ill patients) The second set describes the Global Improvement (1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse) | 7 days after the intervention |
| CGI (Clinical Global Impression) score at 3 months | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy of the intervention on motor disability with Clinical Global Impression scores at 3 months. The CGI is a set of two scales with points ranging from 1 -7. The first set describes the Severity of Illness ( 1 = no illness or symptoms of disorder for the past 7 days and 7 = among the most drastically ill patients) The second set describes the Global Improvement (1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse) | 3 months after the intervention |
| CGI (Clinical Global Impression) score at 6 months | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy of the intervention on motor disability with Clinical Global Impression scores at 6 months. The CGI is a set of two scales with points ranging from 1 -7. The first set describes the Severity of Illness ( 1 = no illness or symptoms of disorder for the past 7 days and 7 = among the most drastically ill patients) The second set describes the Global Improvement (1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse) | 6 months after the intervention |
| Modified Rankin (mRS) score at D7 | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor disability with modified Rankin (mRS) scores at D7 months. The Modified Rankin (mRS) score is a scale ranging from 0 - 6 with 0 being no symptoms at all. 3 = moderate disability despite symptoms but able to walk without asistance and 6 = dead. | 7 days after the intervention |
| Modified Rankin (mRS) score at 1 month | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor disability with modified Rankin (mRS) scores at 1 month. The Modified Rankin (mRS) score is a scale ranging from 0 - 6 with 0 being no symptoms at all. 3 = moderate disability despite symptoms but able to walk without asistance and 6 = dead. | 1 month after the intervention |
| Modified Rankin (mRS) score at 3 months | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor disability with modified Rankin (mRS) scores at 1 month.The Modified Rankin (mRS) score is a scale ranging from 0 - 6 with 0 being no symptoms at all. 3 = moderate disability despite symptoms but able to walk without asistance and 6 = dead. | 3 months after the intervention |
| Modified Rankin (mRS) score at 6 months | Evaluation of the efficacy on motor disability with modified Rankin (mRS) score at 6 months. The Modified Rankin (mRS) score is a scale ranging from 0 - 6 with 0 being no symptoms at all. 3 = moderate disability despite symptoms but able to walk without asistance and 6 = dead. | 6 months after the intervention |
| Evaluation of disability related to abnormal movements - CGI at D7. | Evaluate the efficacy on disability related to abnormal movements with Clinical Global Impression scores at Day 7.The CGI is a set of two scales with points ranging from 1 -7. The first set describes the Severity of Illness ( 1 = no illness or symptoms of disorder for the past 7 days and 7 = among the most drastically ill patients) The second set describes the Global Improvement (1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse) | 7 days after the intervention |
| Evaluation of disability related to abnormal movements - CGI at 1 month. | Evaluate the persistence of efficacy on disability related to abnormal movements with Clinical Global Impression scores at 1 month.The CGI is a set of two scales with points ranging from 1 -7. The first set describes the Severity of Illness ( 1 = no illness or symptoms of disorder for the past 7 days and 7 = among the most drastically ill patients) The second set describes the Global Improvement (1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse) | 1 month after the intervention |
| Evaluation of disability related to abnormal movements - CGI at 3 months. | Evaluate the persistence of efficacy on disability related to abnormal movements with Clinical Global Impression scores at 3 months. The CGI is a set of two scales with points ranging from 1 -7. The first set describes the Severity of Illness ( 1 = no illness or symptoms of disorder for the past 7 days and 7 = among the most drastically ill patients) The second set describes the Global Improvement (1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse) | 3 months after the intervention |
| Evaluation of disability related to abnormal movements - CGI at 6 months. | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on disability related to abnormal movements with Clinical Global Impression scores at 6 months. The CGI is a set of two scales with points ranging from 1 -7. The first set describes the Severity of Illness ( 1 = no illness or symptoms of disorder for the past 7 days and 7 = among the most drastically ill patients) The second set describes the Global Improvement (1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse) | 6 months after the intervention |
| Efficacy on depression and anxiety level assessed with the HAD score (HADS) at D7 | Evaluation of the efficacy of the intervention on depression and anxiety level with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at D7. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire (Zigmond and Snaith 1983) validated in French (Lépine et al., 1985) is commonly used in screening for anxio-depressive disorders in studies; it is The HADS questionnaire consists of 14 questions (7 questions about anxiety and 7 questions about depression). Each question is an MCQ with four possible answers. The final score gives a ranking of anxiety and depressive symptoms as follows:
| 7 days after the intervention |
| Efficacy on depression and anxiety level assessed with the HAD score (HADS) at 1 month | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on depression and anxiety level with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at 1 month. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire (Zigmond and Snaith 1983) validated in French (Lépine et al., 1985) is commonly used in screening for anxio-depressive disorders in studies; it is The HADS questionnaire consists of 14 questions (7 questions about anxiety and 7 questions about depression). Each question is an MCQ with four possible answers. The final score gives a ranking of anxiety and depressive symptoms as follows:
| 1 month after the intervention |
| Efficacy on depression and anxiety level assessed with the HAD score (HADS) at 3 months . | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on depression and anxiety level assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at D7 and persistence at 3 months.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire (Zigmond and Snaith 1983) validated in French (Lépine et al., 1985) is commonly used in screening for anxio-depressive disorders in studies; it is The HADS questionnaire consists of 14 questions (7 questions about anxiety and 7 questions about depression). Each question is an MCQ with four possible answers. The final score gives a ranking of anxiety and depressive symptoms as follows:
| 3 months after the intervention |
| Efficacy on depression and anxiety level assessed with the HAD score (HADS) at 6 months. | Evaluation of the persistence of efficacy on depression and anxiety level assessed with the HAD score (HADS) at 6 months.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire (Zigmond and Snaith 1983) validated in French (Lépine et al., 1985) is commonly used in screening for anxio-depressive disorders in studies; it is The HADS questionnaire consists of 14 questions (7 questions about anxiety and 7 questions about depression). Each question is an MCQ with four possible answers. The final score gives a ranking of anxiety and depressive symptoms as follows:
| 6 months after the intervention |
| Interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, initial severity of abnormal movements and efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at D7 | Evaluation of the interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, the initial severity of abnormal movements and the efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at D7. | 7 days after the intervention |
| Interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, initial severity of abnormal movements and efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at 1 month | Evaluation of the interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, the initial severity of abnormal movements and the efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at 1 month. | 1 month after the intervention |
| Interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, initial severity of abnormal movements and efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at 3 months | Evaluation of the interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, the initial severity of abnormal movements and the efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at 3 months. | 3 months after the intervention |
| Interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, initial severity of abnormal movements and efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at 6 months | Evaluation of the interaction between time from symptom onset to inclusion in the study, the initial severity of abnormal movements and the efficacy of motor symptom treatment measured with EDSS at 6 months. | 6 months after the intervention |
| Tolerance to tDCS stimulation D2 - D6 Brunoni | Evaluate the tolerance to tDCS stimulation sessions from D2 to D6 with Brunoni's questionnaire.To monitor and evaluate the potential adverse effects of tDCS in patients receiving this treatment, Brunoni et al. (2011) proposed a structured questionnaire. The patient answers questions regarding symptoms or side-effects on different parts of the body and their severity ranges from 1 - 4 (1 = absent, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe). The probability of these symptoms or side-effects being related to the tDCS stimulation treatment is also noted from 1 - 5 ( 1 = none, 2 = remote, 3 = possible, 4 = probable, 5 = definite). | From 2 days to 6 days after the intervention |
| Correlation between putative modification of motor symptoms and changes in activity (rest / motor imagery task) of the PFDLC monitored by brain fMRI at Day 0 and Day 7. | Evaluation of the correlation between putative modification of motor symptoms and changes in activity (at rest or during a motor imagery task) of the PFDLC monitored by functional brain MRI at day 0 and day 7, i.e. search for early response markers to the treatment. | Day 0 and Day 7 |
| Evaluation of Dissociative Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD at day 7 | 7 days after the intervention |
| Evaluation of Dissociative Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD | 1 month after the intervention |
| Evaluation of Dissociative Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD | 3 month after the intervention |
| Evaluation of Dissociative Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD | 6 month after the intervention |
| Evaluate the evolution of dissociation Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD | 7 days after the intervention |
| Evaluate the evolution of dissociation Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD | 1 month after the intervention |
| Evaluate the evolution of dissociation Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD | 3 month after the intervention |
| Evaluate the evolution of dissociation Experiences Scale | Evaluate the influence of the initial level of psychic dissociation assessed with the DES scale at D0 on the efficacy of tDCS treatment on the motor's symptoms of CD | 6 month after the intervention |
| Evaluate the concordance of the CGI scale between the neurologist's assessment and the psychiatrist's assessment. | Score at the CGI questionnaire | 7 days after the intervention |
| Evaluate the concordance of the CGI scale between the neurologist's assessment and the psychiatrist's assessment. | Score at the CGI questionnaire | 1 month after the intervention |
| Evaluate the concordance of the CGI scale between the neurologist's assessment and the psychiatrist's assessment. | Score at the CGI questionnaire | 3 month after the intervention |
| Evaluate the concordance of the CGI scale between the neurologist's assessment and the psychiatrist's assessment. | Score at the CGI questionnaire | 6 month after the intervention |
| Hôpital La Colombière Service de Psychiatrie | Not yet recruiting | Montpellier | Hérault | 34090 | France |
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| CHU de Montpellier Hôpital Gui De Chauliac Service de Neurologie | Not yet recruiting | Montpellier | Hérault | 34295 | France |
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| Hôpital Lapeyronie | Not yet recruiting | Montpellier | Hérault | 34295 | France |
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| Hospices Civils de Lyon Hôpital Edouard Herriot | Not yet recruiting | Lyon | 69003 | France |
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| CHU de Nantes | Not yet recruiting | Nantes | 44000 | France |
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| Clinique St Exupery | Not yet recruiting | Toulouse | 31000 | France |
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| Hôpital Saint-Antoine Service de Psychiatrie APHP | Not yet recruiting | Paris | Île-de-France Region | 75012 | France |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003291 | Conversion Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013001 | Somatoform Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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