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The research project aims to examine the effect of a dietary supplement called propionate on how the human body in healthy adults aged (18- 65 years) responds to during fasting, exercise and following a liquid mixed meal test and how that would affect energy homeostasis and substrate oxidation.
Dietary fibres have long been recognised for their important role in a healthy diet due to their negative association with, and even management of, chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and inflammatory-bowel disease among others.Emerging evidence has suggested that these benefits could largely be attributed to short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetate, propionate and butyrate), the main by-products of fibre fermentation in the gut. Previous research has demonstrated that a long-term elevation in the SCFA propionate significantly reduced body weight gain in overweight adults and reduced liver fat storage.
The current project will examine potential mechanisms for the positive effect of propionate on energy homeostasis and metabolic profile.The effects of propionate on circulating glucose, insulin, gut hormones and lipid levels at rest, following moderate-intensity exercise and mixed meal tolerance test will be examined.
To acutely increase propionate absorption from the gut the present project will use a simple nutritional supplement: sodium propionate in a hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) capsule. This capsule is coated with an enteric film which prevents gastric digestion until the capsule reaches the intestine. This nutritional supplement has been used in human volunteers in a previously approved ethics application (12/LO/1769: Oral propionate and glucose homeostasis). A 5g acute dose of sodium propionate had previously been tested and reported no adverse effects . The MHRA have confirmed that encapsulated sodium propionate is not classed as an investigative medicinal product.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo + Fasting | Placebo Comparator | Sodium Chloride tested in a fasting state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). |
|
| Placebo + Exercise | Placebo Comparator | Sodium Chloride tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the placebo then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. |
|
| Placebo + Post-prandial | Placebo Comparator | Sodium Chloride tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the placebo then a mixed liquid meal test is given. |
|
| Propionate and Fasting | Experimental | Sodium Propionate tested in a fasting state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). |
|
| Propionate and Exercise | Experimental | Sodium Propionate tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the sodium propionate then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo (Sodium Chloride) | Other | Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure | Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control). | 6 hours |
| Changes in Resting Lipid Oxidation | Changes in Resting Lipid Oxidation between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control). | 6 hours |
| Changes in Energy Expenditure During Exercise | Changes in Energy Expenditure between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. | 240 minutes |
| Changes in Lipid Oxidation During Exercise | Changes in Lipid Oxidation between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. | 240 minutes |
| Changes in Energy Expenditure Post-prandially | Changes in Energy Expenditure between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | 300 minutes |
| Changes in Lipid Oxidation Post-prandially | Changes in Lipid Oxidation between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | 300 minutes |
| Changes in Glucose Concentrations Post-prandially | Changes in glucose concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | 300 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in GLP-1 Concentration | Changes in GLP-1 concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | 300 minutes |
| Changes in Insulin Concentration | Changes in insulin concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Edward Chambers, PhD | Imperial College London | Study Director |
| Gary Frost, Professor | Imperial College London | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial Clinical Research Facility | London | W12 0HS | United Kingdom |
There is not a plan to make IPD available
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53 individual participants were enrolled in the entire study.
25 enrolled in Fasted Study (all new). 25 enrolled in Postprandial Study (16 new, 9 had previously enrolled in Fasted study).
25 enrolled in Exercise Study (12 new, 13 had previously enrolled in Fasted or Postprandial studies).
The participant flow is therefore presented for the three individual study periods (25 starting each study period).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Fasted Study: Placebo/Propionate | Sodium Chloride tested in a fasted state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) then Sodium Propionate tested in a fasted state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Propionate (Sodium Propionate): Participant receive Propionate (Sodium Propionate) |
| FG001 | Fasted Study: Propionate/Placebo | Sodium Propionate tested in a fasted state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Propionate (Sodium Propionate): Participant receive Propionate (Sodium Propionate) then Sodium Chloride tested in a fasted state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) |
| FG002 | Post-Prandial Study: Placebo/Propionate | Sodium Chloride tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the placebo then a mixed liquid meal test is given. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) then Sodium Propionate tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the Propionate then a mixed liquid meal test is given. Propionate (Sodium Propionate): Participant receive Propionate (Sodium Propionate) |
| FG003 | Post-Prandial Study: Propionate/Placebo | Sodium Propionate tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the Propionate then a mixed liquid meal test is given. Propionate (Sodium Propionate): Participant receive Propionate (Sodium Propionate) then Sodium Chloride tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the placebo then a mixed liquid meal test is given. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) |
| FG004 | Exercise Study: Placebo/Propionate | Sodium Chloride tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the placebo then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) Exercise: 1 hour exercise then Sodium Propionate tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the Propionate then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Propionate (Sodium Propionate): Participant receive Propionate (Sodium Propionate) Exercise: 1 hour exercise |
| FG005 | Exercise Study: Propionate/Placebo | Sodium Propionate tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the Propionate then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Propionate (Sodium Propionate): Participant receive Propionate (Sodium Propionate) Exercise: 1 hour exercise then Sodium Chloride tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the placebo then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) Exercise: 1 hour exercise |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasted Study |
| |||||||||||||
| Postprandial Study |
| |||||||||||||
| Exercise Study |
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Baseline analysis of 'new' participants - first assigned study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Fasted Study | Sodium Chloride tested in a fasting state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) Theb Sodium Propionate tested in a fasting state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Sodium Propionate: Participant receive Sodium Propionate |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure | Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kcal/min | 6 hours |
|
2 years
No adverse event observed or reported.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Placebo + Fasting Then Propionate and Fasting | Sodium Chloride tested in a fasting state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) then Sodium Propionate tested in a fasting state. Participants will be fasting for duration of study visit (360 minutes). Sodium Propionate: Participant receive Sodium Propionate |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Edward Chambers | Imperial College London | +44 20 7594 0959 | e.chambers@imperial.ac.uk |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Oct 14, 2017 | Feb 8, 2021 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012965 | Sodium Chloride |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| C514135 | sodium propionate |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002712 | Chlorides |
| D006851 | Hydrochloric Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
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This protocol consisted of three individual trials.
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Participants and investigators will be masked to the contents of the capsules (sodium propionate or sodium chloride). They will not be masked to whether it is a resting or exercise or fasting condition as this is not possible.
|
| Propionate and Post-prandial | Experimental | Sodium Propionate tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the sodium propionate then a mixed liquid meal test is given. |
|
| Exercise | Other | 1 hour exercise |
|
| Sodium Propionate | Dietary Supplement | Participant receive Sodium Propionate |
|
| Changes in Glucose Concentrations During Exercise | Changes in glucose concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. | 240 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Thirst Post-prandially Using a Visual Analog Scale (100 mm). | Changes in subjective thirst between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective thirst. High (100 mm) mean high subjective thirst. | 300 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Thirst During Exercise With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective thirst between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective thirst. High (100 mm) mean high subjective thirst. | 240 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Nausea During Exercise With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective nausea between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective nausea. High (100 mm) mean high subjective nausea. | 240 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Hunger During Exercise With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective hunger between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective hunger. High (100 mm) mean high subjective hunger. | 240 minutes |
| 360 minutes |
| Changes in Glucose Concentration | Changes in glucose concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting | 360 minutes |
| Changes in Free Fatty Acid Concentration | Changes in free fatty acid concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting | 360 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Nausea With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective nausea between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective nausea. High (100 mm) mean high subjective nausea. | 360 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Hunger With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective hunger between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective hunger. High (100 mm) mean high subjective hunger. | 360 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Thirst Using Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective thirst between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective thirst. High (100 mm) mean high subjective thirst. | 360 minutes |
| Changes in Insulin Concentration | Changes in insulin concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise | 240 minutes |
| Changes in Insulin Concentration | Changes in insulin concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | 300 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Nausea Between Sodium Propionate and Sodium Chloride Post-prandially | Changes in subjective nausea between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | 300 minutes |
| Changes in Subjective Hunger Between Sodium Propionate and Sodium Chloride Post-prandially With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective hunger between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective hunger. High (100 mm) mean high subjective hunger. | 300 minutes |
| COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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| COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
|
| BG001 | Post-prandial Study | Sodium Chloride tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the placebo then a mixed liquid meal test is given. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) Then Sodium Propionate tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the sodium propionate then a mixed liquid meal test is given. |
| BG002 | Exercise Study | Sodium Chloride tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the placebo then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) Exercise: 1 hour exercise Then Sodium Propionate tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the sodium propionate then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Exercise: 1 hour exercise Sodium Propionate: Participant receive Sodium Propionate |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| BMI | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg/m^2 |
|
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
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| Primary | Changes in Resting Lipid Oxidation | Changes in Resting Lipid Oxidation between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | g/min | 6 hours |
|
|
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| Primary | Changes in Energy Expenditure During Exercise | Changes in Energy Expenditure between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kcal/min | 240 minutes |
|
|
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| Primary | Changes in Lipid Oxidation During Exercise | Changes in Lipid Oxidation between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | g/min | 240 minutes |
|
|
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| Primary | Changes in Energy Expenditure Post-prandially | Changes in Energy Expenditure between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kcal/min | 300 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Changes in Lipid Oxidation Post-prandially | Changes in Lipid Oxidation between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | g/min | 300 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Changes in Glucose Concentrations Post-prandially | Changes in glucose concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmol/L | 300 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Changes in Glucose Concentrations During Exercise | Changes in glucose concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmol/L | 240 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Changes in Subjective Thirst Post-prandially Using a Visual Analog Scale (100 mm). | Changes in subjective thirst between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective thirst. High (100 mm) mean high subjective thirst. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 300 minutes |
|
|
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| Primary | Changes in Subjective Thirst During Exercise With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective thirst between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective thirst. High (100 mm) mean high subjective thirst. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 240 minutes |
|
|
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| Primary | Changes in Subjective Nausea During Exercise With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective nausea between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective nausea. High (100 mm) mean high subjective nausea. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 240 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Changes in Subjective Hunger During Exercise With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective hunger between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective hunger. High (100 mm) mean high subjective hunger. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 240 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in GLP-1 Concentration | Changes in GLP-1 concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmol/L | 300 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in Insulin Concentration | Changes in insulin concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | μU/mL | 360 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in Glucose Concentration | Changes in glucose concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmol/L | 360 minutes |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Changes in Free Fatty Acid Concentration | Changes in free fatty acid concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting | Data not yet analysed. | Posted | 360 minutes |
|
|
| Secondary | Changes in Subjective Nausea With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective nausea between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective nausea. High (100 mm) mean high subjective nausea. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 360 minutes |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Changes in Subjective Hunger With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective hunger between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective hunger. High (100 mm) mean high subjective hunger. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 360 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in Subjective Thirst Using Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective thirst between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during fasting. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective thirst. High (100 mm) mean high subjective thirst. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 360 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in Insulin Concentration | Changes in insulin concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) during exercise | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | μU/mL | 240 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in Insulin Concentration | Changes in insulin concentrations between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | μU/mL | 300 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in Subjective Nausea Between Sodium Propionate and Sodium Chloride Post-prandially | Changes in subjective nausea between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 300 minutes |
|
|
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| Secondary | Changes in Subjective Hunger Between Sodium Propionate and Sodium Chloride Post-prandially With Visual Analog Scales (100 mm) | Changes in subjective hunger between sodium propionate and sodium chloride (control) post-prandially. Volunteers completed the visual analog scale using a pen (Biro, black) with scales printed (Sharp MX-7580N ) on paper (A4, white). Visual analog scales were 100 mm in length. Minimum (0 mm) mean low subjective hunger. High (100 mm) mean high subjective hunger. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm | 300 minutes |
|
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| 0 |
| 19 |
| 0 |
| 19 |
| 0 |
| 19 |
| EG001 | Placebo + Exercise Then Propionate and Exercise | Sodium Chloride tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the placebo then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) Exercise: 1 hour exercise Then Sodium Propionate tested in an exercise state. Participants will have the sodium propionate then exercise will be performed at 40% of maximal aerobic capacity for one hour. Sodium Propionate: Participant receive Sodium Propionate. Exercise: 1 hour exercise | 0 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 19 |
| EG002 | Placebo + Postprandial Then Propionate and Postprandial | Sodium Chloride tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the placebo then a mixed liquid meal test is given. Placebo (Sodium Chloride): Participant receive Placebo (Sodium Chloride) Then Sodium Propionate tested in a post-prandial state. Participants will have the placebo then a mixed liquid meal test is given. Sodium Propionate: Participant receive Sodium Propionate | 0 | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 20 |
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| D001835 |
| Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D017670 |
| Sodium Compounds |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
| Male |
|