The purpose of this study is to address a decisional dilemma faced by health system officials, policy makers, and clinical leaders: "Does it make sense to integrate behavior therapy into primary care practice to treat children with ADHD from low-income settings? More specifically, does integrated care improve access to services and patient-centered outcomes for underserved children with ADHD?" Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: Behavior therapy integrated into primary care (Partnering to Achieve School Success; PASS program) to treatment as usual (TAU) informed by American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for ADHD practice and facilitated by electronic practice supports." Participants will be 300 children (ages 5-11) with ADHD and their caregivers served at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network Locations (primary care offices). Participants are drawn from primary care locations that serve primarily low-income and racial/ethnic minority population.

Context: Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have difficulty getting access to behavior therapy for their children. This project focuses on children and families of low-income, racial/ethnic minority background, who have particular difficulty getting access to behavior therapy. This study will compare enhanced behavior therapy integrated into primary care (known as Partnering to Achieve School Success [PASS]) to treatment as usual (TAU) informed by American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for the treatment of ADHD. In this study, behavior therapy will include components to address the unique needs of low-income families of minority status.

Objectives: This project is designed to improve family use of services for ADHD; improve children's academic achievement, behavioral compliance, interpersonal relationships, and life satisfaction; and reduce ADHD symptoms.

Study Design: The study is a randomized controlled trial.

Setting/Participants: The study is being conducted in seven CHOP primary care practices serving a high percentage of families of low-income, racial/ethnic minority status. Participants will be children ages 5 to 11 with ADHD. Children will be randomly assigned to PASS or TAU, with 150 per group.

Study Interventions and Measures: PASS is a behavioral intervention for childhood ADHD that includes behavior therapy strategies and enhancements to promote family engagement in treatment, team-based care, and high-quality therapy. PASS uses a fully integrated service model that includes regular collaboration between the PASS provider and primary care provider (PCP). The primary outcomes are patient-centered outcomes pertaining to child academic achievement, behavior compliance, interpersonal relationships, and life satisfaction, as assessed by parent/legal guardian (or caregiver), and child rating. Secondary outcomes are informant ratings of ADHD symptoms.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children between the ages of 5 and 11 years (as reported in EHR at the time of referral to the study team)
• Children receiving care in one of the seven targeted CHOP practices for this study
• Children with an existing diagnosis of ADHD (as indicated by the referring primary care provider or behavioral health provider and/or EHR)
• Children with one or more areas of impairment (score of 3 or 4 on scale ranging from 1 to 4)
• Evidence that child may be in a family of low-income status, as indicated by child eligibility for Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) OR child living in a census tract or census block with median income at or below two times the federal poverty level
• Parental/guardian permission (informed consent) and if appropriate, child assent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Child has autism spectrum disorder
• Child has an intellectual disability
• Child has a comorbid condition that is a major clinical concern and requires an alternative form of treatment
• Child is receiving behavioral health services from another provider at the time of recruitment
• Child has a sibling currently enrolled in the study
• Child has received Healthy Minds, Healthy Kids (CHOP's Integrated Behavioral Health Service) in the past 6 months

Per Patient-Centered Outcomes Institute (PCORI) requirements, the Full Data Package will be maintained for at least 7 years after the Final Research Report has been submitted and accepted. The final dataset will be exported from REDCap to Microsoft Excel and commonly used statistical software packages such as Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Statistical Analysis Software (SAS), as requested by the individuals seeking access to the data. The research team will prepare a codebook to share with the requesting individuals. The codebook will provide information about all of the variables and how the composite variables (e.g. factor scores) were derived.

Data will become accessible after the study is completed, the Final Research Report has been accepted by PCORI, and results have been published in a peer-reviewed journal. Data will be available for at least 7 years from that time, per PCORI guidelines.

Individuals interested in using the data should contact Dr. Thomas Power (power@chop.edu) or Dr. Jennifer Mautone (mautone@chop.edu). When our research team receives a request for access to the data a data file and supporting documentation will be prepared by the research team. Only de-identified data will be made accessible in order to prevent identification of children, caregivers, teachers, and PCPs who participated in this project. Therefore, per Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) policies, a data licensing agreement is anticipated to not be necessary.