Hay fever affects 1 in 4 of the UK population and has significant effects on the quality of life of sufferers. Allergy to grass pollen is the most common cause. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved during allergic reactions to pollens in hay fever sufferers may provide improvements in diagnosis, drug treatment and assessment of their response to treatment.

Controlled exposures to allergens such as grass pollen can provide important information on the mechanisms of allergic inflammation and may be used to assess the success of anti-allergy treatments.

Nasal allergen challenge (NAC) is a useful tool in the investigation of allergic rhinitis, including grass pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever). NAC is performed by installation of a very small amount of grass pollen extract into the nose in order to reproduce mild and short-lived symptoms such as nasal itch, sneezing, runny nose and nasal congestion that you experience in a more severe form during natural exposure to grass pollen during the summer. Nasal allergen challenge has allowed us to explore the mechanism of hay fever and to provide a rapid and reliable method for investigating new potential treatments for hay fever.

Nasal allergen Challenge is a very well-standardised and safe procedure that has been performed within the department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology at Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital for many years.

Unfortunately the grass pollen extract ('Aquagen') that we have routinely used for nasal challenge has been discontinued and is therefore no longer available. The present study involves testing an alternative source of the grass pollen extract in the form of 'Grazax' which is a freeze-dried tablet that is highly standardised and should enable us to give an identical amount of grass pollen extract for the purpose of nasal challenge. We plan a 'head-to-head' comparison of the two extracts in nasal challenge in order to confirm that the two sources of allergen are equivalent thereby enabling us to use Grazax as the source of grass pollen extract for our nasal challenge studies in the future.

Nasal allergen challenge (NAC) is a useful tool in the investigation of allergic rhinitis, including grass pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever). We have experience in using NAC to investigate the clinical and immunological effects of allergen exposure and in using NAC as a surrogate outcome to assess the efficacy of treatments for allergic rhinitis. The procedure is safe and well tolerated. In order for NAC to be a valid tool, it is essential that the allergen extracts used are standardised in terms of concentration and stability in solution. We have previously used an extract of Timothy Grass (Phleum pratense) pollen, Aquagen (ALK-Abello, Denmark). Aquagen is supplied as a dry powder, to be reconstituted prior to use by dissolving in an albumin-based diluent. Unfortunately, Aquagen production has been discontinued, but the identical allergen is now available as Timothy Grass lyophilisate tablet, Grazax (ALK-Abello), an approved and licensed product for treatment of severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Grazax consists of purified, freeze-dried Timothy Grass pollen extract, plus only three excipients, gelatin (from fish), mannitol and sodium hydroxide. Preliminary investigations have shown that Grazax tablets can be dissolved in saline to produce identical concentrations of allergen to Aquagen, with the same stability profile in vitro. We anticipate therefore, that the clinical effect when used for nasal allergen challenges would be equivalent to the use of Aquagen for a given allergen concentration. In this study we intend to confirm that nasal symptoms produced during the NAC with either Aquagen or Grazax will be equivalent. We will recruit volunteers with grass pollen-induced hay fever to undergo NAC with each allergen source, sequentially. In an open, randomised-order, cross-over study. The primary outcome will be patient-reported nasal symptoms (according to a standardised scoring system) in the 60 minutes after each nasal challenge.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adults age 18 to 65 years.
2. A clinical history of moderate-severe grass pollen-induced allergic rhino conjunctivitis for at least 2 years with peak symptoms from mid-May to mid-July.
3. Positive skin prick test response, defined as wheal diameter ≥ 5 mm, to timothy grass pollen.
4. For women of childbearing age, a negative urine pregnancy test at the time of screening and willingness to use an effective form of contraception for the duration of involvement in the study.
5. The ability to give informed consent and comply with study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of previous grass pollen allergen immunotherapy at any time in the past.
2. Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 < 70% of predicted value at screening.
3. A clinical history of symptomatic allergic rhinitis and/or asthma caused by an allergen other than grass pollen to which the participant is regularly exposed either seasonally (eg. tree pollen, weed pollen and moulds) or perennially (house dust mite, cat, dog dander).
4. Perennial asthma requiring regular inhaled corticosteroids.
5. History of emergency visit or hospital admission for asthma in the previous 12 months.
6. History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7. History of significant recurrent acute sinusitis, defined as 2 episodes per year for the last 2 years, all of which required antibiotic treatment.
8. History of chronic sinusitis, defined as sinus symptoms lasting greater than 12 weeks that includes 2 or more major factors or 1 major factor and 2 minor factors. Major factors are defined as facial pain or pressure, nasal obstruction or blockage, nasal discharge or purulence or discolored postnasal discharge, purulence in nasal cavity, or impaired or loss of smell. Minor factors are defined as headache, fever, halitosis, fatigue, dental pain, cough, ear pain, pressure, or fullness.
9. At screening visit, current symptoms of, or treatment for, upper respiratory tract infection, acute sinusitis, acute otitis media, or other relevant infectious process; serous otitis media is not an exclusion criterion. Participants may be re-evaluated for eligibility after symptoms resolve.
10. History of life-threatening anaphylaxis or angioedema.
11. Ongoing systemic immunosuppressive treatment.
12. The use of any investigational drug within 30 days of the screening visit.
13. The presence of any medical condition that the investigator deems incompatible with participation in the study.
14. History of fish allergy with positive skin test and/or positive specific IgE test to vertebrate/finned fish (due to potential fish allergen exposure from fish-gelatin in Grazax).

An open labelled randomised to either start with Aquagen or Grazax NAC