A neuropsychological assessment in which participants are required to sequence two stimulus sets while alternating between them. Scoring is expressed in terms of the time in seconds required for completion of each of the two parts of the test (i.e., TMT A and TMT B). The raw scores for each part of the test are translated to scaled scores (i.e., TMT A Scaled Score and TMT B Scaled Score) and scaled scores may range between 0 and 19. The scaled scores are then translated to T scores (i.e., TMT A T Score and TMT B T Score) corrected for sex, age, education, and ethnicity. The T scores may range between 0 and 100. Individuals with higher T scores indicate better attention, mental flexibility, and speed in comparison to those with lower T scores.

A neuropsychological assessment of processing speed. In a time limit of 120 seconds, the participant copies symbols that are paired with numbers based on a symbol key. The total raw score is calculated by scoring 1 point for each correctly drawn symbol completed within the time limit. Raw scores range between 0 and 135 points. The raw score is converted to a scaled score corrected for age and the scaled score may range between 1 and 19. Higher scaled scores indicate greater processing speed than lower scaled scores.

A neuropsychological assessment of inattentiveness, impulsivity, sustained attention, and vigilance. Values include: i) D-prime-discrimination of non targets from targets; ii) Omissions- all missed targets; iii) Commissions- all incorrect responses to non-targets; iv) Perseverations- response in less than 100 milliseconds following the presentation of a stimulus; v) Hit Reaction Time- mean response speed measured in milliseconds for all non-perseverative responses made during the entire administration; vi) Hit Reaction Time SD-consistency of response speed to targets for the entire administration; vii) Variability- response speed consistency; viii) Hit Reaction Time Block Change- slope of change in Hit Reaction Time across the six blocks of the administration; and ix) Hit Reaction Time Inter-Stimulus Interval Change- slope of change in reaction time across the three inter-stimulus intervals. All scores are presented in T scores with higher T scores indicating worse performance.

A word list neuropsychological assessment, which provides indices of immediate and delayed memory performance, interference learning, and recognition. Software is utilized to score the CVLT-II, which computes all raw scores and standardized scores, corrected for the examinee's age and gender. Values of interest within the study include: i) Level of Immediate Recall; ii) Level of Delayed Recall, iii)Learning Characteristics, iv) Recall Errors, and v) Delayed Recognition Trials. In general, higher standard scores indicate intact performance; however, in other cases (e.g., Recall Errors) higher standard scores reflect greater deficits.

Participants will be asked to complete two prospective memory tasks (Belongings and Appointments) where they will be given specific instructions and asked to independently act on these instructions at specific time points throughout the testing. Raw scores for Belongings and Appointments will be assessed. The raw score for Belongings may range between 0 and 8, while the raw score for Appointments may range between 0 and 4. Higher raw scores indicate better recall.

The WASI-II is a brief neuropsychological assessment aimed to provide an estimate of current intellectual functioning. The two-subtest form of the WASI-II consists of Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning and provides a Full Scale IQ (FSIQ-2). In the Vocabulary subtest, participants give oral definitions for words (total raw scores may range between 0 and 59). For Matrix Reasoning, the participant looks at a matrix with a section missing and identifies the missing section by pointing to or stating the number of their response (total raw scores may range between 0 and 30). The subtests' total raw scores are converted to age-corrected T scores (T scores may range between 20 and 80 for each subtest). The FSIQ-2 is the sum of T scores on Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning. FSIQ-2 scores may range between 45 and 160, with higher FSIQ-2 scores indicating higher intelligence.

The WTAR assesses premorbid intellectual functioning in adults. The WTAR requires the participant to read out loud irregularly spelled words. The raw score ranges between 0 and 50. The WTAR raw score is converted to a standard score and the standard score may range between 50 and 134. Intelligence scores are also predicted by WTAR performance and demographics and intelligence scores may range between 89 and 118. Higher intelligence scores indicate greater premorbid intellectual functioning.

A semi-structured interview assessing participant report of i) work (e.g., competitive, supported, dependent care, volunteer); ii) education (e.g., college, vocational, certificate school, rehabilitation training program); and iii) residential activities (e.g., where the participant is living, what responsibilities the participant has). Each domain (i.e., work, education, and residential activities) is assessed according to role position, support, and performance. Scores for these areas may range between 1 and 7, with higher values indicating greater impairment in functioning. Furthermore, a global rating for role position, support, performance, and overall functioning is given. Scores for the global ratings also may range from 1 to 7, with higher values indicating greater impairment in functioning.

The WHODAS 2.0 is a 12-item self-report measure of six functional domains, including cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along with others, life activities, and participation in the community. The WHODAS 2.0 uses a Likert scale ranging from 0 ("No difficulty") to 4 ("Extreme difficulty or cannot do"). Values across the 12 items are summed, with the total score ranging between 0 and 48. Higher values indicate greater functional impairment.

The SDS is a 3-item self-report measure of disability in work, social relationships, and family life. The three items, which are scored on a Likert scale between 0 and 10, are summed into a single dimensional measure of global functional impairment. The SDS total score may range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater impairment.

Description: The GAS is a method for defining individual participant goals and the standardized measurement of progress towards these goals. Overall goal attainment is transformed into a T score, with higher T scores indicating greater goal attainment.

The CFQ is a 25-item self-report measure that captures daily errors in distractibility, blunders, names, and memory. Each item is rated on a Likert scale from 0 ("Never") to 4 ("Very often"). The CFQ has four subscales that include: i) Memory (i.e., sum of scores on items 16, 18, 12, 17, 23, 13, 6, 3 for a total score between 0 and 32); ii) Distractibility (i.e., sum of scores on items 1, 15, 2, 19, 21, 22, 3, 4, 25 for a total score between 0 and 36); iii) Blunders (i.e., sum of scores on items 9, 8, 10, 24, 5, 14, 11 for a total score between 0 and 28); and iv) Names (i.e., sum of scores on items 20 and 7 for a total score between 0 and 8). The CFQ total score is the sum of the 25 items, with total values ranging between 0 and 100. Higher scores indicate greater self-reported impairment in cognitive functioning.

The DEX is a 20-item self-report measure that asks participants to rate inhibition, positive and negative affect, memory, and intention. Each item is rated on a Likert scale from 0 ("Never") to 4 ("Very often"). The DEX Total score is the sum of all items and the total score may range from 0 to 80. Higher scores indicate greater self-reported cognitive impairment.

Description: The M.I.N.I. is a structured clinician administered interview in order to assess psychiatric disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. The M.I.N.I. is divided into modules identified by letters, each corresponding to a diagnostic module. At the end of each module, diagnostic boxes permit the clinician to indicate whether diagnostic criteria are met. The diagnostic modules utilized within the study include: i) Major Depressive Episode; ii) Suicidality; iii)Manic and Hypomanic Episodes; iv)Panic Disorder; v) Agoraphobia; vi)Social Anxiety Disorder; vii)Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; viii) Alcohol Use Disorder; ix)Substance Use Disorder; x)Psychotic Disorders and Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features; xi)Anorexia Nervosa; xii)Bulimia Nervosa; xiii)Binge Eating Disorder; and xiiii)Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

The CAPS-5 is a semi-structured interview that assesses the DSM-5's PTSD diagnostic criteria in the past month. In order to meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, individuals must indicate an index trauma and have at least one intrusion symptom, an avoidance symptom, two cognition and mood symptoms, and two arousal and reactivity symptoms. Further, the duration of the symptoms must be present for at least one month and must cause either distress or impairment in functioning. Total scores on the CAPS-5 for severity may range between 0 and 80, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.

The LEC is a self-report measure, which probes exposure to common traumatic events over the lifespan (e.g., natural disasters, sexual violence, violence, etc.). There is no formal scoring protocol or interpretation per se, other than identifying whether a person has experienced one or more of the events listed.

A self-report measure, which assesses for exposure to five forms of common childhood trauma (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect). Each item is rated on a Likert scale from 1 ("Never true") to 5 ("Very often true"). All subscales (i.e., the five forms of childhood trauma) have a possible score range of 5 to 25.

A clinician administered interview assessing examinee participation in any psychological treatment (e.g., cognitive behavioural therapy) outside of the study and medications prescribed throughout the course of the study.

The PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report measure, which assesses the severity of PTSD symptoms according to the diagnostic criteria outlined in the DSM-5. The symptom domains include intrusions (items 1 through 5; scores summed for a total between 0 and 20), avoidance (items 6 through 7; scores summed for a total between 0 and 8), negative alterations in mood and cognitions (items 8 through 14; scores summed for a total between 0 and 28), and alterations in arousal and reactivity (items 15 through 20; scores summed for a total between 0 and 24). Participants rate the severity of their symptoms in the past month on a Likert scale from 0 ("Not at all") to 4 ("Extremely"). A total PCL-5 score is derived by summing all the values of the items and the total score may range between 0 and 80. A cut-point of 33 is suggested to indicate a probable PTSD diagnosis.

The MDI is a 30-item self-report measure, which assesses six domains of dissociative symptoms over the past month, including disengagement (items 1, 7, 13, 19, 25; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25), depersonalization (items 2, 8, 14, 20, 26; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25), derealization (items 3, 9, 15, 21, 27; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25), emotional constriction (items 4, 10, 16, 22, 28; scores summed for a total between 5 and 35), memory disturbance (items 5, 11,17,23,29; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25), and identity dissociation (items 6, 12, 18, 24, 30; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25). Participants rate the severity of their symptoms within the last month on a Likert scale from 1 ("Never") to 5 ("Very often"). A total MDI score is derived by summing all the values of the items and the total score may range between 30 and 150. Higher total scores indicate greater dissociation.

The DERS is a 36-item self-report measure, which assesses difficulties with emotion regulation across six domains including nonacceptance of emotional responses (items 11, 12, 21, 23, 25, 29; scores summed for a total between 6 and 30), difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior (items 13, 18, 20, 26, 33; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25), impulse control difficulties (items 3, 14, 19, 24, 27, 32; scores summed for a total between 6 and 30), lack of emotional awareness (items 2, 6, 8, 10, 17, 34; scores summed for a total between 6 and 30), limited access to emotion regulation strategies (items 15, 16, 22, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36; scores summed for a total between 8 and 40), and lack of emotional clarity (items 1, 4, 5, 7, 9; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25). A total DERS score is derived by summing all the values of the items and this score may range between 36 and 180. Higher scores indicate greater dysfunction with emotion regulation.

The BDI-II is a 21-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the presence and severity of symptoms of depression over the past month. Respondents rate their symptoms on a Likert scale from 0 to 3. A total BDI-II score is derived by summing all the values of the items and the total score may range between 0 and 63. Higher scores reflect greater depression symptom severity.

The BAI is a 21-item self-report questionnaire that assesses anxiety symptoms over the past month. Participants rate their symptoms on a Likert scale from 0 ("Not at all") to 3 ("Severely - it bothered me a lot"). A total BAI score is derived by summing all the values of the items and the total score may range between 0 and 63. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety symptom severity.

The ERQ is a 10-item self-report assessment that is designed to assess individual differences in the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Each of the items is scored on a Likert scale from 1 ("Strongly disagree") to 7 ("Strongly agree"). Scoring for the Cognitive Reappraisal subscale includes items 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 10 and scores are summed for totals ranging between 6 and 42. Here, higher scores indicate greater use of cognitive reappraisal. Scoring for the Expressive Suppression subscale includes items 2, 4, 6, and 9, and scores are summed for totals ranging between 4 and 28. Here, higher scores indicate greater use of expressive suppression.

The TAS is a 20-item self-report measure, which assesses difficulties recognizing and naming emotions across three domains including, difficulty identifying feelings (items 1, 3, 6, 7,9, 13, 14; scores summed for a total between 7 and 35), difficulty describing feelings(items 2, 4, 11, 12, 17; scores summed for a total between 5 and 25), and externally-oriented thinking (items 5, 8, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20; scores summed for a total between 8 and 40). A total TAS score is derived by summing all the values of the items and the total score may range between 20 and 100. Individuals with scores less than or equal to 51 are interpreted as having no alexithymia. Further, individuals with scores between 52 and 60 are interpreted as having possible alexithymia. Finally, individuals with scores greater than or equal to 61 are interpreted as having alexithymia.

The DSS is a self-report measure, which assesses the psychological and somatoform dissociative features as well as aversive inner tension occurring within the past 7 days. The DSS contains 21 items assessing dissociative symptoms and 1 additional item assessing aversive inner tension. Ratings are made on a time-oriented scale ranging from 0% ("Never") to 100% ("Constantly"). A total DSS score is derived by summing the values of the 21-items and the total score may range between 0 and 2100. Higher scores indicate greater dissociative symptoms.

The BSL-23 is a self-report measure, which assesses for the presence of borderline-typical symptomatology in the past week. It contains 23 items that assess borderline-typical symptomatology (items are rated on a Likert scale between 0 ("Not at all") and 4 ("Very strong"); scores summed for a total between 0 and 92), an item asking participants to rate the quality of their overall personal state in the past week (item is rated on a Likert scale between 0% ("Very bad") and 100% ("Excellent")), and 11 supplemental items assessing the frequency of risk behaviors within the past week (items are rated on a Likert scale between 0 ("Not at all") and 4 ("Daily or more often"); scores may be summed for a total between 0 and 44). The total score of the BSL-23 is calculated by dividing the total sum of the 23 items by the number of items (i.e., the total BSL-23 score may range from 0.0 to 4.0), with an average of 2 or greater suggestive of a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder.

The MIES is a 9-item self-report measure assessing moral injury along two dimensions in military and veteran populations - perceived transgressions and perceived betrayals. Each item is rated on a Likert scale from 1 ("Strongly disagree") to 6 ("Strongly agree"). The Perceived Transgressions subscale consists of the items 1 through 6 (scores summed for a total between 6 and 36), while the Perceived Betrayals subscale consists of the items 7 through 9 (scores summed for a total between 3 and 18). The total MIES score is the sum of all 9 items, with a total score ranging between 9 and 54. Higher values on the subscales and total score indicate greater moral injury.

The TRGI is a self-report measure that assesses common experiences of guilt for trauma survivors, consisting of six subscales: i) Global Guilt Scale (sum of scores on Items 13, 18, 22, 25 divided by 4; ii) Distress Scale (sum of scores on Items 2, 6, 10, 15, 20, 24 divided by 6; iii) Guilt Cognitions Scale (sum of scores on Items 1, 3-5, 7-9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26-32 divided by 22; iv)Hindsight-Bias/Responsibility Subscale (sum of scores on Items 1, 5, 9, 14, 19, 23, 26 divided by 7; v)Wrongdoing Subscale (sum of scores on Items 3, 7, 11, 16, 21 divided by 5; and vi) Lack of Justification Subscale (sum of scores on Items 4, 8, 12, 17 divided by 4. Mean score on each scale may range between 0 and 4. Each item is rated on a Likert scale from 0 ("Never") to 4 ("Always"). Higher values on the subscales indicate greater difficulties with trauma-related guilt.

The TRSI is a 24-item self-report measure assessing shame related to traumatic experiences across four subscales: i) Internal-Referenced Shame - Condemnation (items 1,5,10,13,15,21; scores summed for a total between 0 and 18); ii) Internal-Referenced Shame - Affective-Behavioural (items 3,8,9,11,20,23; scores summed for a total between 0 and 18); iii) External-Referenced Shame - Condemnation (items 12,17,2,4,6,14; scores summed for a total between 0 and18); and iv) External-Referenced Shame - Affective-Behavioural (items 16,19,24,22,18,7; scores summed for a total between 0 and 18). Each item is assessed on a Likert scale from 0 ("Not true of me") to 3 ("Completely true of me"). The total TRSI score is the sum of all 24 items, with a total score ranging between 0 and 72. Higher values on the subscales and total score indicate greater difficulties with trauma-related shame.

An anonymous form requesting participants to provide an evaluation of their experience in the GMT groups.