The AARC China Study is to establish a widely recognized and harmonized standard of patients with HBV-ACLF in the Asia Pacific region.

Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinically critical illness and has been extensively researched around the world. However, there is a potential "communication barrier" in the ACLF study; that is, different countries and regions, or different research collaboration groups, follow different ACLF definitions and related standards, making researchers in this field confuse in understanding the research value of relevant research and interpreting the research results. Important differences exist in the Asia-Pacific region and North America and Europe, such as the etiology, the clinical characteristics of the patient group, the requirements for cirrhosis, and the predisposing factors of the disease, making it necessary for China or the Asia-Pacific region to develop appropriate ACLF diagnosis standards and prognosis. In recent years, Chinese experts have also focused on the research progress of APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) in the Asia-Pacific region. It is found that the AARC standards are more suitable for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with ACLF in China than the Western standards. The ACLF prediction model (TPPM model) established by Professor Qin.N's team predicts that the prognostic efficacy of patients with HBV-ACLF is significantly better than that of Western prognosis. The AARC China Study is to establish a widely recognized and harmonized standard of patients with HBV-ACLF in the Asia Pacific region.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Chronic liver disease: Chronic hepatitis B

• Acute deterioration of liver function: more than one of the below criteria

  1. development of new ascites within 4 weeks or re-emergence of ascites who have previous well controlled ascites (greater than or equal to grade 2 or 3; International ascites club criteria)
  2. development of hepatic encephalopathy
  3. development of gastrointestinal hemorrhage
  4. development of jaundice (serum bilirubin greater than or equal to 3mg/dl)
  5. development of bacterial infection

• spontaneous bacteremia: positive blood cultures without a source of infection

• spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cells >250/µL

• lower respiratory tract infections: new pulmonary infiltrate in the presence of: i) at least one respiratory symptom (cough, sputum production, dyspnea, pleuritic pain) with ii) at least one finding on auscultation (rales or crepitation) or one sign of infection (core body temperature >38_C or less than 36_C, shivering, or leukocyte count >10,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3) in the absence of antibiotics

• Clostridium difficile Infection: diarrhea with a positive C. difficile assay

• bacterial entero-colitis: diarrhea or dysentery with a positive stool culture for Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, or pathogenic E. coli;

• soft-tissue/skin Infection: fever with cellulitis

• urinary tract infection (UTI): urine white blood cell >15/high-power field with either positive urine gram stain or culture;

• intra-abdominal infections: diverticulitis, appendicitis, cholangitis, etc.

• other infections not covered above;

• fungal infections as a separate category.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who do not have chronic liver disease
• Patients who have hepatocellular carcinoma
• Patients who admitted for extrahepatic manifestations
• Patients who have HIV infection
• Patients who admitted for symptomatic control of chronic liver disease, other than acute deterioration of liver function

Patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure