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Sleep-related breathing disorders (SBAS) are one of the most common causes of non-restorative sleep.
Sleep therapy options include positive pressure ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) masks, mandibular advancement of the mandible with mandibular advancement devices (MAD), back restraining, weight reduction, ear, nose and throat surgical procedures, bimaxillary or mandibular remodeling osteotomies, and neurostimulation procedures N. hypoglossal. In mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), MAD, back suppression and weight reduction are potential treatment options. This study aims to identify possible side effects in the temporomandibular system that occur during nocturnal support of a mandibular arch over two years. Two different MADs are compared in terms of construction, height (bite elevation) and protrusion mechanics: the H-MAD with an hinge system according to Herbst and the SomnoDent Fusion ™ MAD (called F-MAD) with sliding side wings.
In addition, it is to be evaluated whether hinge system according to Herbst as a protrusion-controlling element and the reduction of the splint body for a reduced bite elevation leads to a significant reduction of side effects compared to the F-MAD.
Sleep-related breathing disorders (SBAS), particularly obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), are one of the most common causes of non-restorative sleep. Disturbances of sleep disorders include apneas and hypopneas associated with either or not pharyngeal obstruction and hypoventilation. Depending on the type of respiratory disorder present, they are associated with hypoxemia and may cause hypercapnia or acidosis The consequences of obstructive narrowing of the pharynx are far-reaching. Studies have shown that patients with OSAS have comorbidities such as neurological complaints, heart attacks, dementia, cardiovascular complaints, myocardial infarction, and a higher mortality rate.
Sleep fragmentation caused by respiratory disorders during sleep and wakefulness reactions (arousals) can lead to daytime sleepiness and concentration disorders. In the longer term untreated arousals and apneas are associated with an increased risk for arterial hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus and libido loss.
OSAS management includes positive pressure ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) masks, mandibular advancement of the mandible with mandibular advancement devices (MAD), weight loss, ear, nose and throat surgical procedures, bimaxillary or mandibular remodeling osteotomies, and neurostimulation procedures of the hypoglossal nerve.
Several studies have shown that the use of MADs is inferior in reducing the severity of OSAS in comparison to CPAP therapy, but its efficacy is comparable and preferred by patients in mild to moderate OSAS.
Due to the forward displacement of the lower jaw for several hours at night, similar symptoms as in temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) patients may occur. The symptoms may be pain or stiffness on the masticatory muscles or temporomandibular joints.
This study aims to identify possible side effects in the temporomandibular system that occur during the course of two years of nocturnal MAD delivery. Two different appliance systems are compared in terms of construction height (bite elevation) and protrusion mechanics: the H-MAD ™ with a hinge system according to Herbst and the SomnoDent Fusion ™ (called F-MAD) with sliding side wings.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| H-MAD, hinge system according to Herbst | Experimental | Patients with snoring and OSAS. Therapy with MAD type H-MAD with lateral hinges according to Herbst. Bite elevation 2 mm interocclusal distance with a lower jaw advancement of 5 mm |
|
| F-MAD, SomnoDent Fusion | Active Comparator | Patients with snoring and OSAS,Fusion MAD with sliding side wings (F-MAD). Bite elevation 5 mm interocclusal distance with a lower jaw advancement of 5 mm |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H-MAD with a hinge system according to Herbst | Device | The randomized grouping into blocks at a ratio of 1: 1 takes place over sealed envelopes containing the allocation key for the respective MAD. The assignment is stratified according to gender because gender is a strong predictor of sleep disorders and also temporomandibular dysfunctions Integration of the MAD (start of treatment) The laboratory-made MAD (F-MAD / H-MAD) is integrated and checked for a comfortable fit. The patient is instructed to always wear the splint during sleep. All patients receive an extended guide to jaw gymnastics with the instruction to do it in the morning after waking up and in the evening before falling asleep. Four weeks after incorporation, the titration phase begins, the slow adjustment of mandibular advancement to optimize sleep medical parameters while minimizing unwanted side effects. Control appointments take place after four weeks, six months, one year and two years after insertion of the MAD |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| change orofacial pain: numeric rating scale (NRS; 0-10) | change of orofacial pain after applying the MAD measured by numeric rating scale (NRS; 0-10, 0: no pain, 10: worst imaginable pain) | 4 weeks, six months, one year, two years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| pressure pain points on palpation | number of pressure pain points on palpation of the masticatory muscles and in the area of the temporomandibular joints according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) | 4 weeks, six months, one year, two years |
| number of posterior contact points |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| change in sleep quality: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI, 0-21, < 5: good sleep) | change in sleep quality after applying the MAD measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index retrospectively asks for a four-week period the incidence of sleep disturbing events, sleep quality assessment, sleep habits, sleep latency and sleep duration, sleeping medication use. | 4 weeks, six months, one year, two years |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Olaf Bernhardt, Prof. | University Medicine Greifswald | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dental Office Dr. Krumholz | Frankfurt | 60313 | Germany | |||
| Dental Office Dr. Schlieper |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11690728 | Background | Farrar JT, Young JP Jr, LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole MR. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001 Nov;94(2):149-158. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00349-9. | |
| 25905532 | Background | Haviv Y, Rettman A, Aframian D, Sharav Y, Benoliel R. Myofascial pain: an open study on the pharmacotherapeutic response to stepped treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and gabapentin. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2015 Spring;29(2):144-51. doi: 10.11607/ofph.1408. |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Apr 4, 2019 | Aug 5, 2019 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020181 | Sleep Apnea, Obstructive |
| D013705 | Temporomandibular Joint Disorders |
| D012913 | Snoring |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012891 | Sleep Apnea Syndromes |
| D001049 | Apnea |
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
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Multicenter, randomized two-arm study with active control group, stratified by gender.
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Unblinded with respect to the examiner, blinded to the patient and statisticians in the evaluation.
|
change of the number of occluding posterior teeth |
| 4 weeks, six months, one year, two years |
| change in daytime sleepiness: Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS, 0-24, <11 no daytime sleepiness) | Change in daytime sleepiness measured by Epworth Sleepiness Scale. ESS is a short questionnaire for the detection of daytime sleepiness. (ESS, 0-24, <11 no daytime sleepiness) | 4 weeks, six months, one year, two years |
| change in oral health-related quality of life: Oral Health Impact profile (OHIP-5) (0-20) | Oral Health Impact profile (OHIP-5) is a measurement tool for assessing the oral health-related quality of life in adults. It consists of 5 questions for functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical disability, social disability | 4 weeks, six months, one year, two years |
| change in chronic pain: Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) questionnaire (0-4) | Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) questionnaire records pain intensity and the presence of functional or dysfunctional chronic pain. Three subscale scores (characteristic pain intensity, disability score, and the disability points score) are used to classify subjects into 1 of the 5 pain severity grades: grade 0 for no pain, grade 1displays low disability, low intensity, grade 2 displays low disability but high intensity, grade 3 displays high disability,moderately limiting and grade 4 displays high disability and severely limiting. | 4 weeks, six months, one year, two years |
| Hamburg |
| 22607 |
| Germany |
| Dental Office Dr. Hauschild | Isernhagen-Süd | 30916 | Germany |
| Zahnarztpraxis Weststadt | Karlsruhe | 76135 | Germany |
| Dental Office Dr. Kares | Saarbrücken | 66121 | Germany |
| Dental Office Dr. Heckmann | Saarlouis | 66740 | Germany |
| Dental Office Dr. Meyer | Solingen | 42719 | Germany |
| Dental Office Dr. Nauert | Sulzbach | 66280 | Germany |
| Mund-Zahn-Kiefer-Klinik | Würzburg | 97070 | Germany |
| 12867898 | Background | Ringqvist M, Walker-Engstrom ML, Tegelberg A, Ringqvist I. Dental and skeletal changes after 4 years of obstructive sleep apnea treatment with a mandibular advancement device: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Jul;124(1):53-60. doi: 10.1016/s0889-5406(03)00240-3. |
| 22477031 | Background | Perez CV, de Leeuw R, Okeson JP, Carlson CR, Li HF, Bush HM, Falace DA. The incidence and prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and posterior open bite in patients receiving mandibular advancement device therapy for obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2013 Mar;17(1):323-32. doi: 10.1007/s11325-012-0695-1. Epub 2012 Apr 4. |
| 15387030 | Background | Gesch D, Bernhardt O, Kocher T, John U, Hensel E, Alte D. Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with signs of temporomandibular disorders in adults: results of the population-based study of health in Pomerania. Angle Orthod. 2004 Aug;74(4):512-20. doi: 10.1043/0003-3219(2004)0742.0.CO;2. |
| 20831889 | Background | Doff MH, Hoekema A, Pruim GJ, Huddleston Slater JJ, Stegenga B. Long-term oral-appliance therapy in obstructive sleep apnea: a cephalometric study of craniofacial changes. J Dent. 2010 Dec;38(12):1010-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.08.018. Epub 2010 Sep 8. |
| 11196228 | Background | Bacon W, Tschill P, Sforza E, Krieger J. [A device for mandibular advancement in respiratory disorders of sleep. Clinical study]. Orthod Fr. 2000 Dec;71(4):295-302. French. |
| 41634250 | Derived | Bernhardt O, Giannakopoulos NN, Kares H, Meyer A, Nurnberger CM, Ruge S, Schwahn C, Schlieper J, Yousif S, Zenner H, Kanzow P. Side effects of mandibular advancement devices in obstructive sleep apnea patients - observational results of a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Breath. 2026 Feb 3;30(1):32. doi: 10.1007/s11325-026-03576-4. |
| D020919 |
| Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D017271 | Craniomandibular Disorders |
| D008336 | Mandibular Diseases |
| D007571 | Jaw Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D012135 | Respiratory Sounds |
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |