To use existing standard-of-care documentation in a sports medicine electronic medical record (EMR) to evaluate patient characteristics, interventions delivered, utilization management, and clinical outcomes in routine sports medicine care, in order to generate evidence to improve clinical effectiveness and quality of care.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) and sports related injuries are highly prevalent across active and athletic populations and represent a substantial source of healthcare utilization, time loss from participation and a limitation in performance. Often these injuries vary from mechanism, acuity, and severity, ranging from acute traumatic events to chronic overuse conditions. Effective management of these sports-related injuries requires a coordinated effort aimed at helping athletes restore function, minimize the risk of re-injury and facilitating a safe return to sport. Sports Medicine rehabilitation is a widely recognized as a key component of nonoperative care, with evidence that supports the role of athletic trainers to support athletes in improving patient related outcomes, functional performance and return to sport timelines. However, variability does exist in how care is delivered across the sports medicine setting, providers and injury types which may influence both outcomes and resource utilization, underscoring the need to understand how value is achieved within sports medicine rehabilitation.

To address these priorities, investigators from ATI and the University of South Carolina are interested in evaluating how standard-of-care within sports medicine is delivered and how variation in care delivery mechanisms relates to clinical outcomes, value and service utilization. In this retrospective study, The investigators will conduct secondary analyses of existing standard-of-care documentation within ATI's sports medicine EMR, without altering clinical care or interacting with patients. Key variables of interest include: (1) injury and patient characteristics (ie. body region, surgical v. non-surgical status, acuity); (2) functional and performance outcomes (ie. patient reported outcomes, return to sport status); (3) utilization metrics (ie. number of visits, duration of care and frequency); (4) care delivery characteristics (ie. interventions, neuromuscular training, manual therapy and modality use); and delivery care (ie. in clinic, hybrid). By examining how the above variables interact, this study aims to better characterize rehabilitation of athletes receiving sports medicine services and identifying opportunities to optimize outcomes and value.

Investigators have previously used ATI clinical outcomes resources to characterize care patterns, evaluate outcomes and measurement properties, and explore predictors of utilization behaviors such as canceled visits. The present protocol extends this work by leveraging existing standard-of-care EMR documentation to evaluate patient characteristics, interventions delivered, utilization management patterns, and clinical and objective/functional outcomes in routine outpatient care, producing evidence to inform clinical effectiveness, quality improvement, implementation efforts, and policy-relevant value questions.

Inclusion Criteria:

Care setting and timeframe: Received sports medicine services at ATI Physical Therapy, with documentation available in the ATI Sports Medicine EMR, on or after January 1, 2018, through the date of data extraction.

Age range: Sports participants including middle school, high school and collegiate aged including adolescents through young adults that have been documented in the EMR.

Record availability: Have an EMR record that includes the minimum data elements necessary to address the study objectives (e.g., episode identifiers/dates sufficient to define an episode of care, diagnosis/body region, utilization variables, and at least one routinely collected outcome measure when applicable to the specific analysis).

Standard-of-care data: Data were collected as part of routine clinical care/documentation prior to and independent of this research study.

Exclusion Criteria:

The record is outside the eligible timeframe or does not reflect sports medicine care at ATI.

The record is a duplicate or cannot be reliably linked within the data source to a single episode/patient for analysis.

The record lacks the minimum necessary variables required for the specific analysis (e.g., missing episode dates needed to define utilization metrics; missing baseline/discharge outcome for analyses requiring change scores).

The data are corrupted, internally inconsistent (e.g., impossible dates), or otherwise unsuitable for analysis after standard data cleaning.

The record cannot be adequately coded/de-identified for analysis and reporting under the study's privacy/confidentiality procedures.

Individuals receiving medical and/or preventative services when part of an organized sports team.

Aggregated non-Private Health Information and non-Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act data may potentially be made available upon request.