An estimated 30-50% of infants have frequent problematic night wakings. Sleep disturbances have been linked to various adverse outcomes in children, including social-emotional development delay. Despite some evidence of the effectiveness of Infant behavioral sleep intervention, the benefits on children's social-emotional development are worthy of further exploration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of behavioral sleep interventions on improving infant sleep and social-emotional development. Infants with behavioral sleep disturbances are randomized into one of the two conditions: Behavioral sleep intervention or no treatment. And infant sleep and social-emotional development were assessed for both group at baseline, and four and eight weeks after sleep intervention.

Study Design: The study design was a parallel group RCT with two groups (Behavioral sleep intervention and Control) and three assessment points. Sleep was assessed by actigraphy (and sleep daily) and parent-reported Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) during the week before behavioral sleep intervention, four weeks and eight weeks after sleep intervention. Other measures were collected during a laboratory visit scheduled at the end of each of the three assessment.

Participants: Participants were recruited through web-based media advertisements. Approximately 100 participants will be randomized to behavioral sleep intervention condition or a control condition. Inclusion criteria were: 1) infant age range 5-18 months; 2) significant sleep problem lasting at least 2 weeks, manifested in an average of ≥30 minutes sleep onset latency, and/or ≥2 awakenings per night based on parent reports; and 3) two-parent families with both mother and father willing to participate in study procedures. Exclusion criteria were: 1) infant pervasive developmental disorder or significant medical illness; and 2) any concurrent treatment for infant sleep problems.

Study Procedure: Participants are screened via telephone. Caregivers of the intervention group were instructed to establish tailored behavioral sleep intervention strategies. Control families received no sleep intervention. For infants with sleep problems in control group, any sleep treatment in health care services should be recorded. Infant social-emotional development were assessed by Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional2 (ASQ:SE2) and behaviors in Still face experiment. During the experiment, the mother and infant engage in a three-step interaction: 1) playing"peek-a-boo" for 60 seconds; 2) mother maintaining a neutral facial expression while looking at the child, not smiling, talking, or touching for 120 seconds still-face (SF) episode; 3) maternal re-engagement with the infant to"peek-a-boo" for a 60 seconds reunion (RE) episode. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and all parents provided written informed consent.

Intervention: One clinical psychologist and one pediatrician delivered the intervention. The intervention was performed at Shanghai Children's Medical Center after parents signed the informed consent form. Interventionists collaborate with the family to design a tailored sleep intervention strategy, which involves appropriate sleep schedule and bedtime routine, putting the child to bed while still sleepy rather than when already asleep, caregivers should minimize their involvement after putting the infant to bed, and waiting 1 to 2 minutes before attending to the child during nocturnal awakenings. Parents are educated to implement the behavioral protocol at bedtime and subsequent night wakings. Furthermore, families of intervention group received a e-booklet describing their intervention and cell phone support weekly.

Measures: Infant sleep is assessed by Actigraphy and parent-report (sleep diary and Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, BISQ); Infant social-emotional development is evaluated by Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional2 (ASQ:SE2), and behaviors (facial expression, gaze, and self-comforting) in three separate dimensions during the Still face experiment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Infant age range 5-18 months;
• Sleep problem lasting at least 2 weeks, manifested in an average of ≥30 minutes sleep onset latency, and/or ≥2 awakenings per night based on parent reports;
• Both mother and father willing to participate in study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Infant pervasive developmental disorder or significant medical illness;
• Any concurrent treatment for infant sleep problems.

not yet decided

Trial participants and individuals assessing the outcomes are blinded to the participant's condition