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This study is to investigate the efficacy of model-based Working Memory (WM) training using an appropriate control condition. The interventions are a model-based, a single-task and a multiple-task training on WM in order to compare the efficacies of these different training approaches for WM. A sham intervention acts as active control group. Each intervention will be presented on a tablet device.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| model-based WM training | Active Comparator | In order to build the model-based WM training, existing tasks used to assess the different component of the Baddeley's model will be reviewed on their findings according to test-retest reliability and construct validity. For each component - phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer and central executive - the task with the highest reliability and validity will be chosen and then build the basis for the computerized training program. This procedure results in a model-based, adaptive, computerized training program for WM. |
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| single-task WM training | Active Comparator | The basis for the single-task training administered to the second group will be the widely used "dual-n-back training paradigm" suggested by Jaeggi et al. (2008). A complex dual n-back task including a visual and an auditory WM task will be implemented for tablet devices. |
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| multiple-task WM training | Active Comparator | Verbal WM tasks - particularly letter span and digit span tasks - and a visuospatial WM task are most commonly used (e.g. Dahlin et al., 2008; Klingberg et al., 2005; Westerberg et al., 2007). Therefore, a multiple-task training including these tasks will be administered to the third group. |
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| sham intervention | Sham Comparator | Active control group that as well performs a training, however not based on WM. To exclude the involvement of WM, a motor training will be administered to the control group. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| model-based WM training | Other | model-based WM training program: four sessions a week, 45 minutes each; lasting for three weeks |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Rotation Span Task Score | First, the distractor task is judging whether a rotated letter is presented correctly, or is a mirrored image of the letter. Second, the to-be-remembered items are arrows of either short or long length and pointing in one of eight different directions. Finally, the rotation-arrow sequence is repeated from two to five times per trial. Scores are calculated by summing the number of arrows correctly recalled in the correct order. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) |
| Change in Symmetry Span Task Score | First, the distractor task is judging whether a displayed shape is symmetrical along its vertical axis. Second, the to-be-remembered items are locations of red squares in a 4×4 grid of potential locations. Finally, the number of symmetry-location pairs varied from two to five times per trial. Scores are calculated by summing the number of red square locations correctly recalled in the correct order. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) |
| Change in Operation Span Task Score | Subjects first solve a math problem, and then see a letter, and then solve another math problem, and see another letter. This math-letter sequence is repeated from three to seven times for each trial with an unpredictable length each time. After each math-letter sequence, subjects are asked to recall, in order, the preceding letters. Scores are calculated by summing the number of letters correctly recalled in the correct order. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Rotation Span Task Score | First, the distractor task is judging whether a rotated letter is presented correctly, or is a mirrored image of the letter. Second, the to-be-remembered items are arrows of either short or long length and pointing in one of eight different directions. Finally, the rotation-arrow sequence is repeated from two to five times per trial. Scores are calculated by summing the number of arrows correctly recalled in the correct order. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Stefano Magon, Dr. phil. | Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel | Basel | 4031 | Switzerland |
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| single-task WM training | Other | single-task WM training program: four sessions a week, 45 minutes each; lasting for three weeks |
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| multiple-task WM training | Other | multiple-task WM training program: four sessions a week, 45 minutes each; lasting for three weeks |
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| sham intervention | Other | motor training program: four sessions a week, 45 minutes each; lasting for three weeks |
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| assessment at baseline (=T2) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T4) |
| Change in Symmetry Span Task Score | First, the distractor task is judging whether a displayed shape is symmetrical along its vertical axis. Second, the to-be-remembered items are locations of red squares in a 4×4 grid of potential locations. Finally, the number of symmetry-location pairs varied from two to five times per trial. Scores are calculated by summing the number of red square locations correctly recalled in the correct order. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T4) |
| Change in Operation Span Task Score | Subjects first solve a math problem, and then see a letter, and then solve another math problem, and see another letter. This math-letter sequence is repeated from three to seven times for each trial with an unpredictable length each time. After each math-letter sequence, subjects are asked to recall, in order, the preceding letters. Scores are calculated by summing the number of letters correctly recalled in the correct order. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T4) |
| Change in Trail making Test A/B | The Trail making Test A/B consists of two parts in which the subject is instructed to connect a set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while still maintaining accuracy with the time taken to complete the test being used as the primary performance metric | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T4) |
| Change in Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test | Participants are read a list of 15 words aloud by the person administering the test. The entire test takes 10-15 minutes to administer and includes five presentations of a 15 word list (list A), followed by a free recall of a second word list (list B). Finally there is a sixth recall trial of the first list (List A). Recognition is tested by asking which of 30 words wre read aloud from list A and which were not. The words are read at a rate of one word per second. The overall goal of the task is to repeat all of the words the participant can remember in any order. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T4) |
| Change in Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test | The Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF) is a neuropsychological assessment in which examinees are asked to reproduce a complicated line drawing, first by copying it freehand (recognition), and then drawing from memory (recall). Each copy is scored for the accurate reproduction and placement of 18 specific design elements. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T |
| Change in Raven's Progressive Matrices | The Raven's Progressive Matrices is administered as a nonverbal group test. It is typically a 60-item test used in measuring abstract reasoning and regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6×6, 4×4, 3×3, or 2×2 matrix, giving the test its name. All of the questions on the Raven's progressives consist of visual geometric design with a missing piece. The test taker is given six to eight choices to pick from before filling in the missing piece. Scoring on the Raven's Progressive Matrices is based on two factors: How many out of 60 matrices problems the tester correctly solved and the age of the tester. For each age group, N number of correct answers corresponds to a certain percentile score. | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T |
| Change in Depression Anxiety Stress Scales | The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales is made up of 42 self-report items to be completed over five to ten minutes, each reflecting a negative emotional symptom. Each of these is rated on a four-point Likert scale of frequency or severity of the participants' experiences over the last week with the intention of emphasising states over traits. These scores ranged from 0, meaning that the client believed the item "did not apply to them at all", to 3 meaning that the client considered the item to "apply to them very much, or most of the time". | assessment at baseline (=T2) and 3 weeks after baseline (=T3) and 12 weeks after baseline (=T |