The overall goal of this project is to develop a novel transdiagnostic treatment for anhedonia, called Behavioral Activation Treatment for Anhedonia (BATA), using ultra-high field functional neuroimaging. There is a critical need for a validated treatment that specifically targets anhedonia, and this project will evaluate the effects of this new treatment on anhedonia and will establish how this treatment impacts brain systems that mediate reward processing, clinical symptoms of anhedonia, functional outcomes, and behavioral indices of reward processing. This work will also identify brain targets by which future novel anhedonia treatment may be evaluated.

Deficits in motivation and pleasure, together referred to as anhedonia, are implicated in a number of psychiatric illnesses, including mood and anxiety disorders, substance-use disorders, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. As a result, constructs related to anhedonia are central to the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project. Anhedonia is often one of the most difficult psychiatric symptoms to treat and thus represents a critical endophenotype and vulnerability factor for a range of psychiatric disorders. Given the centrality of anhedonia to a large number of psychiatric disorders, improved interventions to treat motivation and pleasure are critical for these disorders. The overall goal of this R61/R33 project is to develop a novel transdiagnostic treatment for anhedonia, called Behavioral Activation Treatment for Anhedonia (BATA). This new intervention is designed to treat anhedonia by emphasizing supported engagement with personally relevant goals and reducing avoidance behaviors. Consistent with the objectives and milestones outlined in RFA-MH-16-406 ("Exploratory Clinical Trials of Novel Interventions for Mental Disorders"), in the R61 phase of this trial that lasted from June 22, 2017-July 31, 2019, the investigators proposed to use an experimental therapeutics approach to first evaluate mesocorticolimbic target engagement by this treatment in a transdiagnostic sample characterized by clinically impairing anhedonia (Aim 1). Specifically, the investigators examined the effects of this treatment, relative to an active comparison treatment, on caudate nucleus activation during reward anticipation and rostral anterior cingulate cortex activation during reward outcomes using ultra-high field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging. The investigators also used fMRI to determine the optimal dose of the intervention (Aim 2).

In the current R33 phase of the study, which begins recruitment 8/1/2019, the investigators plan to evaluate the effects of the optimal dose of this new treatment, versus an active comparison treatment, on anhedonic symptoms and functional outcomes (Aim 3), behavioral indicators of reward sensitivity (Aim 4), and neural indicators of reward processing (Aim 5).

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18-50 years old and treatment seeking;
• SHAPS scores ≥ 20, corresponding to clinically significant anhedonia;
• Clinician's Global Impression Scale-Severity score (CGI-S) > 3 to assure a clinically impaired sample;
• Seeking treatment for anhedonia (i.e., referred from an outpatient clinic or responded to an advertisement for anhedonia treatment; endorses desire for treatment during screening).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Those for whom medication management is the primary gold-standard treatment, including those with bipolar disorder/mania, schizophrenia spectrum, and other psychotic disorders;
• Prior treatment with behavioral activation therapy for depression or mindfulness-based treatments (those with exposure to other forms of psychotherapy, e.g., supportive therapy, will be eligible);
• Those who may have difficulty understanding the cognitive components of BATA, including those with intellectual disability, neurocognitive disorders, and dissociative disorders;
• Feeding and eating disorders which may have confounding effects on the fMRI signal;
• Substance Use Disorders given confounding effects of substances of abuse on the fMRI signal;
• Suicidal intent and plan;
• Psychotropic medication use in the past 4 weeks (8 weeks for fluoxetine) and/or current psychotherapy. Participants must be medication-free at study entry; study personnel will not supervise medication taper for the purpose of the study, but those who taper under the supervision of their regular provider will be eligible;
• Currently pregnant, as measured by urine pregnancy screen immediately before MRI scans;
• Positive urinalysis screen for cocaine, marijuana, opiates, methadone, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines (conducted on-site via Biosite Triage Meter Plus) at study entry.
• No neurological conditions (e.g., history of stroke, seizure, or TBI); Contraindications for fMRI imaging: Metal in the body, dental work that is not fillings or gold, any tattoos, any metal in the body, any metal injury - especially those to the eyes, any other type of implant unless they are 100% plastic.

Will share de-identified data through the National Database for Clinical Trials Related to Mental Illness (NDCT)

Adverse event data were collected from the time of signing informed consent through final MRI sessions. Due to the design of the trial, each participant was in the trial for between 8-15 weeks.