The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of an innovative contemplative-based and caregiver-inclusive intervention can modify pathogenic processes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to a psychoeducation-based intervention. Contemplative techniques such as meditation, mindfulness and yoga may have an impact on the disease burden and may decrease psychological distress, increase self-regulation capabilities, and reduce pain. It is also well documented that social relationships moderate physical health. Incorporating patients' caregivers may strengthen their relationships and thereby improve their health and well-being. It is anticipated that the successful outcome of the mindfulness-based intervention described in this proposal will provide the basis for a new and effective contemplative-based and caregiver-inclusive therapy for SLE and other rheumatic diseases. Although we expect our mindfulness-based intervention to outperform our psychoeducation intervention, we note that the psychoeducation intervention is much closer to treatment as usual (especially insofar as many lupus patients are provided no psychosocial intervention whatever), and to that degree can reasonably be considered our best initial point of comparison. In practice, most patients would be provided medication and some basic information about living with the disease, as well as, perhaps, some additional guidance about coping with chronic stress and pain. We believe that our comparison condition goes beyond this to provide a bona fide intervention in itself.

METHODS: A randomized controlled trial of 50 SLE patients in which subjects receive either a 6-week MBI treatment (n=25) or a 6-week psychoeducation treatment (n=25).

SCREENING: At Visit 1, participants who are deemed eligible for the study will be assigned to either a mindfulness-based intervention group or a psychoeducation intervention group. Participants will also complete the following questionnaires, which will also be administered throughout the intervention schedule:

1. Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE)
2. Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (AAS; closeness subscale)
3. Brief Health Mindset Scale (BHMS)
4. Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R)
5. Inclusion of Other Self (IOS)
6. Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; empathic concern and perspective-taking subscales)
7. Interpersonal Regulation Questionnaire (IRQ)
8. LupusPRO (patient only)
9. MacArthur Scales of Subjective Social Status (Community and Socioeconomic Status)
10. Caregiver Burden Questionnaire (support person only)
11. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)
12. Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
13. Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS; short form)
14. Social Interaction Phobia Scale (SIPS)
15. State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T, STAI-S)
16. Ten Item Big Five Questionnaire
17. Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS)
18. Lupus Quality of Life
19. CAM Health Belief Questionnaire

INTERVENTIONS: All participants will complete either a 6-week mindfulness-based intervention or a 6-week psychoeducation intervention. All sessions will be in-person in a group setting, and accompanied by homework. For both interventions, participants will practice what they learned on a daily basis as their homework. However, the mindfulness intervention may also have video/audio homework to complete. Sessions 1-5 will last approximately 2 hours each. The final (6th) session will be a retreat that will last approximately 4 hours. Questionnaire data will be collected throughout the intervention.

ASSESSMENTS: Assessment visits 1 and 9 will be performed by rheumatologists and include: complete history, physical examination, information about SLE drug treatment and laboratory examination. Lupus disease activity and damage will be measured by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) respectively. Information on socio-demographics, clinical variables (SLEDAI-2K and SDI), co-morbidities (dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, and others) are collected as part of the and will be made available for the analysis in this study. Lupus serology (including C3/C4, anti-ds DNA antibodies) and routine blood test (including complete blood count test and chemistry panel) are also collected regularly during the patients' visits to the clinic and will be made available for the analysis in this study.

fMRI Tasks: Participants will complete a series of questionnaires completed within 24 hours after the visit via Qualtrics and a series of tasks while functional MRI data is recorded. After the fMRI, there will be four cognitive tasks done on the computer outside of the scanner. These include:

Continuous Associative Binding (CAB): The goal of this task is to track different aspects of memory and decision-making, in particular the ability of individuals to form associations between pairs of items presented at the same time. In the tasks, participants are presented with pairs of images of objects (e.g., a pencil and a lamp) and their job is to indicate whether the have seen that exact pair of images presented together in the present block of trials.

Flanker: The goal of the flanker task is to measure inhibitory control and decision-making. In each trial, participants are presented with a cluster of arrows pointing either left or right. The task is for the participant to indicate the direction the arrow in the center of the cluster of arrows is pointing.

Random Dot Motion (RDM): The goal of this task is to track attention and perceptual decision-making. In each trial, participants see a circle filled with dots moving in different directions. Most of the dots are moving in random directions, but some of the dots are moving coherently either left or right. The task of the participant is to indicate (either by the keyboard or touch screen) whether more coherent dots are moving to the right or left.

Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART): The goal of this task is to track risk-taking behavior, reinforcement learning, and decision-making. On each trial, the participant indicates whether they would like to pump more air into the balloon, increasing the amount of points/money they could earn if they collect before the balloon pops, or whether they want to collect what they have earned and add it to the bank. If they pump and the balloon pops, they lose the chance to collect that money for that balloon.

Support people will complete a series of questionnaires completed within 24 hours after the visit via Qualtrics and the Handholding Task. The support person is the partner and will be asked to hold hands with the patient for the partner portion of the task. The support person will be connected to the shock device (STM100C Stimulator Module, BIOPAC Systems) for one round of the task, and the shock level will be calibrated to their pain tolerance.

After the fMRI, there will be four cognitive tasks done on the computer outside of the scanner. These include the same tasks for the participant (listed above).

For the scan, standard procedures for removal of all participant ferromagnetic objects (e.g., wristwatches) will be implemented, and the procedures of the study will be reviewed, insuring that participants have an opportunity to ask any remaining questions. All standard fMRI safety screening procedures will be done prior to the fMRI, and female participants will take a urine based pregnancy test. Participants will complete the following tasks while in the scanner:

Resting State Task: Mindfulness training has been shown to alter resting state connectivity in areas related to emotions and stress (e.g., Taren et al., 2015). Thus, we will record resting state data in all visits. Participants will be asked to rest in the scanner. Following the resting state scans, participants will also complete selected questions from the Amsterdam Resting State Questionnaire 2.0 to provide subjective descriptions of their experience.

Hand holding Task: The handholding task is a measure the social regulation of the neural response to threat. Each trial involves the presentation of 12 threat and 12 safety cues in randomized order across blocks of approximately 7 minutes. Participants and partners will be told that threat cues indicate a 17% chance of mild electric shock. These basic threat paradigms will be repeated across 3 blocks of threat/safety cues and counterbalanced across subjects. These blocks will include the alone condition, and the partner hand holding condition in the Threat to Self task, and the partner hand holding condition in the Threat to Partner task. Electric shock will be delivered via an automated computer controlled device (STM100C Stimulator Module, BIOPAC Systems) to the ankle (4 mA, cf., Tursky & O'Connell, 1972). The shock level will be calibrated to each participant's pain tolerance.

Resting State Task (a second time)

All fMRI conditions will be followed by ratings using the Self-Assessment Manikins.

ANALYSIS: The main analysis is planned when all patients have concluded the MBI or psychoeducational program, all data have been entered, verified and validated and the primary database has been locked. Following data reduction and preparation, analysis of all self-report and biological (e.g., fMRI) data will be conducted using hierarchical multilevel modeling procedures designed to maximize sensitivity to both within- and between- subject sources of variation across time, including baseline measurements pre- and post- intervention. In addition to testing for specific group-level effects of intervention, individual differences in response to treatment and/or in biological measures will be assessed as a function of self-report data at both state and trait levels, modeled as interaction effects in multilevel models.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Males and females who have given written informed consent
• 18 years of age or older
• Literate in English: able to read, understand, follow instructions, and complete the rating scales and questionnaires accurately
• Have a clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus
• Must pass the initial MRI screening
• Must be a participant in The University of Toronto Clinic and Database Research Program - Prognosis and Genetic Studies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• Must be able to access the Internet regularly

Exclusion Criteria:

• Significant previous mindfulness training and experience (e.g. MBSR course, daily meditation practice)
• Any current Axis I DSM-IV-TR psychiatric disorder that, in the clinician's opinion, warrants treatment or would preclude safe participation in the protocol, including, but not limited to: psychosis, schizophrenia, dementia, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, primary diagnosis of eating disorder, or chronic suicidality or homicidality.
• Have clinical evidence of significant unstable or uncontrolled acute or chronic diseases not related to SLE (i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, gastrointestinal, neurological, or infectious) which, in the opinion of the treating physician, could confound the results of the study or put the patients at undue risk.
• Chronic use of prescribed or recreational psychoactive drugs (self-reported)
• Current drug or alcohol abuse or dependence, or a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependence within 364 days prior to Baseline (self-reported)
• Too sick to meaningfully participate (e.g. hospitalized, flaring at the time of screening)
• In order to participate in the MRI portion of the study, participants must pass the in-person MRI screening administered by the MRI technician before each MRI. If participants fail the in-person MRI screening, they will be excluded from the MRI portion of the study, but can still participate in the intervention portion of the study.
• Is not a participant in The University of Toronto Clinic and Database Research Program - Prognosis and Genetic Studies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus