This will be a prospective study to determine the association between specific genotypes, epigenetics, behavioral, social and biological factors, with the phenotypes, defined by pain perception, postoperative pain, analgesic effects, side effects to perioperative analgesics, chronic postoperative pain, and gene expression in patients following pectus excavatum repair.

This study will be a clinical prospective study. It is observational for all aims except with regard to the Meditation Intervention, which will be limited to 100 pectus and 100 spine participants (randomized to 50/50 in each arm). We will recruit 600 qualifying participants over the study period to acquire the necessary data to derive a predictive model matching phenotype to genotype. This study will not interfere with the standard anesthetic or perioperative care except for blood sampling from an indwelling line, and the use of additional integrative health procedures (focused-attention meditation guidance, as well as routine massage and breathing techniques) for the randomized meditation group. Research staff will administer psychosocial and somatosensory assessments, as well as record relevant data from participant's medical records. Integrative health will assist in teaching focused-attention meditation to the randomized meditation participants in the preoperative phase. Actigraphy devices will be provided to all participants, and MUSETM to those in the randomized meditation group. The pain team, in accordance with the Pectus Pain Management Protocol, will direct perioperative pain management.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children aged 8 years of age through adulthood
• Diagnosis of pectus excavatum or adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
• Scheduled for endoscopic pectus excavatum repair or spine fusion

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of or active renal or liver disease
• Major surgery requiring opioids in the last 5 years
• Severe respiratory problems (such as obstructive sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or pneumonia within the last month)
• Cardiac conditions including, but not limited to, cyanotic heart disease, hypoplastic left ventricle, arrhythmia, hypertension with ongoing treatment, Kawasaki disease, or cardiomyopathies. Participants with asymptomatic valvular lesions or defects may be included
• History of seizures currently treated on medication (participants off medication and seizure free for greater than one year may be included)
• Taking no more than two concomitant medications known to induce or inhibit CYP2D6 activity, including paroxetine, fluoxetine, cimetidine, and duloxetine
• Needing postoperative ventilation or intraoperative cardiac bypass standby
• BMI >35
• Pregnant or breastfeeding females
• Non-English speaking
• Definite developmental delay

De-identified data may be shared with additional internal or external data warehouses/investigators. These include but are not limited to the i2b2-Research Data Warehouse protocol at CCHMC (IRB 2008-0834) for the purpose of linking this data to de-identified copies of the participants' electronic medical records via an i2b2 database. The resulting de-identified i2b2 database will not be part of this research, and will be used to explore secondary phenotypes in future research studies and the NIH-db-GaP (Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes).