The antimicrobial resistance of helicobacter pylori in Shandong province was analyzed by helicobacter pylori antibiotic sensitivity test.And the map of antimicrobial resistance of helicobacter pylori was constructed to provide clinical guidance for selecting effective eradication program and improve the eradication rate.

The patients with positive H. pylori infection that was not eradicated by previous therapies will accept the gastroscopy. The mucosa of the lesser curvature of gastric antrum and the greater curvature of the stomach will progress helicobacter pylori antibiotic sensitivity test to detect the antimicrobial resistance of helicobacter pylori.The antimicrobial resistance of helicobacter pylori in Shandong province will be described by frequency and percentage.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients, aged between 18 and 70 years old, with positive H. pylori infection that was not eradicated by previous therapies are included. The H. pylori infection is confirmed by the positive rapid urease test or 13C-breath test.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with significant underlying disease including liver, cardiac, pulmonary, and renal diseases, neoplasia, coagulopathy and genetic diseases, history of gastric surgery, pregnancy, breast-feeding, active gastrointestinal bleeding, the use of PPI, NSAID or antibiotics during the 4 weeks prior to enrolment, and previous history of allergic reactions to any of the medications used in this protocol. Patients previously treated with H. pylori eradication regimens or those unwilling to participate in the study were also excluded.

The patients in Shandong province, aged between 18 and 70 years old, with positive H. pylori infection that was not eradicated by previous therapies are included.