Sleep efficiency is the percentage of time spent asleep while in bed. It is calculated by dividing the amount of time spent asleep (in minutes) by the total amount of time in bed (in minutes). The unit of measure is a percentage and is averaged over the whole week for the total sleep efficiency score.

The sleep diary will be used to calculate sleep-onset latency, which is the length of time that it takes to accomplish the transition from full wakefulness to sleep. The unit of measure is minutes and is averaged over the whole week for the total sleep onset latency score.

The sleep diary will be used to calculate wake after sleep onset, which refers to periods of wakefulness occurring after defined sleep onset. The score is reported in minutes and is averaged over the whole week for the total wake after sleep onset.

The sleep diary will be used to calculate total sleep time. The score is reported in minutes and is averaged over the whole week for the total sleep time.

Anxiety and Depression will be measured using the HADS, which is a 14-item, self-rated instrument for anxiety (7 items) and depression (7 items) symptoms in the past week and has been extensively used in people with cancer. Scores range from 0-21 with below 7 indicating a non-case and the higher the score indicates greater symptom severity.

Fatigue will be measured using the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF), which is a 30 item self-report measure comprised of five subscales (general, emotional, physical, mental, vigor) and a total fatigue score. Each subscale score ranges from 0 to 24. The Total MSFI-SF score is calculated by adding the general, physical, emotional and mental subscale scores and subtracting vigor subscale score. Total MFSI-SF score ranges from -24 to 96 with a higher score indicating higher levels of cancer-related fatigue experienced by the patient.

The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) is a brief assessment of verbal learning and memory (immediate recall, delayed recall, delayed recognition). When scoring the HVLT-R, the three learning trials are combined to calculate a total recall score; the delayed recall trial creates the delayed recall score; the retention (%) score is calculated by dividing the delayed recall trial by the higher of learning trial 2 or 3; and the recognition discrimination index is comprised by subtracting the total number of false positives from the total number of true positives. These scores are then converted to an age-based T score (Mean=50, SD=10). Higher scores represent better verbal learning and memory.

The COWAT is a measure of verbal fluency, cognitive and motor speed, cognitive flexibility, strategy utilization, suppression of interference, and response inhibition. The total score is the total number of different words produced for all three letters in a timeframe of 3 minutes (1 minute for each letter). The scores are adjusted based on age and education level. A greater score indicates better verbal fluency. A score less then 33 indicates below average performance, scores between 34 and 45 indicate average performance, and scores greater than 45 are above average, with scores greater than 52 indicate superior performance. A minimum score is 0 (no words produced) and there is no set maximum score, as it depends on how many words can be produced in the given time frame.

The Digit Span test is a subtest of both the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Part A of digit span (the forward span) captures attention efficiency and capacity, and part B (the backward span) is an executive task dependent on working memory. The Digit Span subtest will be scored as one summary value. The unit of measure is the total recall. Scores on this measure range from 0-48, where greater scores indicates greater attention efficiency, capacity and working memory.

The Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A) is composed of 75 items within nine non-overlapping theoretically and empirically derived clinical scales. It has 2 broad indexes (Behavioural Regulation and Metacognition), an overall summary score, and three validity scales. This analysis examines the overall summary score. T scores (M = 50, SD = 10; transformations of the raw scale scores) are used to interpret the individual's level of executive functioning. Traditionally, T scores at or above 65 are considered clinically significant. Greater scores indicate greater deficits in executive functioning.

The WPAI questionnaire was developed for the purpose of collecting productivity loss data within clinical trials and is suitable for direct translation into a monetary figure. The WPAI yields four types of scores: 1. Absenteeism (work time missed) 2. Presenteesism (impairment at work / reduced on-the-job effectiveness) 3. Work productivity loss (overall work impairment / absenteeism plus presenteeism) 4. Activity Impairment. WPAI outcomes are expressed as impairment percentages, with higher numbers indicating greater impairment and less productivity.

The Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) is a 6-item questionnaire that captures both credibility beliefs and outcome expectancy. Questions on this scale are rated on a 1-to-9 point or 0-100% Likert scale, depending on the exact question. The scale was adapted to separately assess: (1) credibility beliefs for insomnia; (2) credibility beliefs for PCI; (3) expectancy beliefs for insomnia; and (4) expectancy beliefs for PCI. Since the CEQ utilizes two scales during the administration (1-9, and 0-100%), a composite score was derived for each factor (expectancy and credibility) by first standardizing the individual items and then summing those items for each factor yielding total scores, where higher values indicate stronger credibility and expectancy beliefs. Credibility beliefs scores ranged from 0 to 23 and expectancy beliefs scores ranged from 0 to 27.

Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to monitor their sleep with sleep diaries for 7 weeks. They will receive CBT-I delivered by video-conferencing immediately after the waiting period.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): CBT-I is a manualized multi-component intervention that includes sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and sleep hygiene.

Total of all reporting groups

Cancer stage was determined at time of diagnosis. Generally, a greater stage indicates worse outcomes.

Stage 0 - carcinoma in situ, a precancerous change; Stage 1 - the tumour is usually small and hasn't grown outside of the organ it started in; Stages 2 and 3 - the tumour is larger or has grown outside of the organ it started in to nearby tissue; Stage 4 - the cancer has spread through the blood or lymphatic system to another part of the body.

The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is a 7-item measure that assesses the severity of insomnia symptoms over the past 7 days. Responses can range from 0 to 4, where higher scores indicate more acute symptoms of insomnia.

A total score of 0-7 indicates "no clinically significant insomnia," 8-14 means "subthreshold insomnia," 15-21 is "clinical insomnia (moderate severity)," and 22-28 means "clinical insomnia (severe)."

The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy -Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) scale contains 37 items to measure Perceived Cognitive Impairments (PCI), Impact of Perceived Cognitive Impairments on QoL, Comments from Others, Perceived Cognitive Abilities.

Responses range from 0, ''never,'' to 4, ''several times a day,'' in the previous 7 days and negatively worded items are reverse scored to create subscale scores. Scores on the PCI subscale can range from 0 to 72 points (negatively worded items are reverse coded), with a higher score indicative of better self-reported cognitive functioning.

Participants will receive individualized CBT-I delivered by video-conferencing over the course of eight weeks.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): CBT-I is a manualized multi-component intervention that includes sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and sleep hygiene.

Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to monitor their sleep with sleep diaries for 7 weeks. They will receive CBT-I delivered by video-conferencing immediately after the waiting period.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): CBT-I is a manualized multi-component intervention that includes sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and sleep hygiene.

The ISI is designed to specifically assess the severity of insomnia symptoms, the impact on daytime functioning, and the amount of associated distress. The ISI has 7 questions, which are summed to compute a total score. The range of the ISI is 0-28 with the higher the value, the more severe the insomnia severity.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

Sleep efficiency is the percentage of time spent asleep while in bed. It is calculated by dividing the amount of time spent asleep (in minutes) by the total amount of time in bed (in minutes). The unit of measure is a percentage and is averaged over the whole week for the total sleep efficiency score.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose consensus sleep diaries were complete and returned.

The sleep diary will be used to calculate sleep-onset latency, which is the length of time that it takes to accomplish the transition from full wakefulness to sleep. The unit of measure is minutes and is averaged over the whole week for the total sleep onset latency score.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose consensus sleep diaries were complete and returned.

The sleep diary will be used to calculate wake after sleep onset, which refers to periods of wakefulness occurring after defined sleep onset. The score is reported in minutes and is averaged over the whole week for the total wake after sleep onset.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose consensus sleep diaries were complete and returned.

The sleep diary will be used to calculate total sleep time. The score is reported in minutes and is averaged over the whole week for the total sleep time.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose consensus sleep diaries were complete and returned.

Anxiety and Depression will be measured using the HADS, which is a 14-item, self-rated instrument for anxiety (7 items) and depression (7 items) symptoms in the past week and has been extensively used in people with cancer. Scores range from 0-21 with below 7 indicating a non-case and the higher the score indicates greater symptom severity.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

Fatigue will be measured using the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF), which is a 30 item self-report measure comprised of five subscales (general, emotional, physical, mental, vigor) and a total fatigue score. Each subscale score ranges from 0 to 24. The Total MSFI-SF score is calculated by adding the general, physical, emotional and mental subscale scores and subtracting vigor subscale score. Total MFSI-SF score ranges from -24 to 96 with a higher score indicating higher levels of cancer-related fatigue experienced by the patient.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) is a brief assessment of verbal learning and memory (immediate recall, delayed recall, delayed recognition). When scoring the HVLT-R, the three learning trials are combined to calculate a total recall score; the delayed recall trial creates the delayed recall score; the retention (%) score is calculated by dividing the delayed recall trial by the higher of learning trial 2 or 3; and the recognition discrimination index is comprised by subtracting the total number of false positives from the total number of true positives. These scores are then converted to an age-based T score (Mean=50, SD=10). Higher scores represent better verbal learning and memory.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

The COWAT is a measure of verbal fluency, cognitive and motor speed, cognitive flexibility, strategy utilization, suppression of interference, and response inhibition. The total score is the total number of different words produced for all three letters in a timeframe of 3 minutes (1 minute for each letter). The scores are adjusted based on age and education level. A greater score indicates better verbal fluency. A score less then 33 indicates below average performance, scores between 34 and 45 indicate average performance, and scores greater than 45 are above average, with scores greater than 52 indicate superior performance. A minimum score is 0 (no words produced) and there is no set maximum score, as it depends on how many words can be produced in the given time frame.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

The Digit Span test is a subtest of both the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Part A of digit span (the forward span) captures attention efficiency and capacity, and part B (the backward span) is an executive task dependent on working memory. The Digit Span subtest will be scored as one summary value. The unit of measure is the total recall. Scores on this measure range from 0-48, where greater scores indicates greater attention efficiency, capacity and working memory.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

The Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A) is composed of 75 items within nine non-overlapping theoretically and empirically derived clinical scales. It has 2 broad indexes (Behavioural Regulation and Metacognition), an overall summary score, and three validity scales. This analysis examines the overall summary score. T scores (M = 50, SD = 10; transformations of the raw scale scores) are used to interpret the individual's level of executive functioning. Traditionally, T scores at or above 65 are considered clinically significant. Greater scores indicate greater deficits in executive functioning.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

The WPAI questionnaire was developed for the purpose of collecting productivity loss data within clinical trials and is suitable for direct translation into a monetary figure. The WPAI yields four types of scores: 1. Absenteeism (work time missed) 2. Presenteesism (impairment at work / reduced on-the-job effectiveness) 3. Work productivity loss (overall work impairment / absenteeism plus presenteeism) 4. Activity Impairment. WPAI outcomes are expressed as impairment percentages, with higher numbers indicating greater impairment and less productivity.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

The Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) is a 6-item questionnaire that captures both credibility beliefs and outcome expectancy. Questions on this scale are rated on a 1-to-9 point or 0-100% Likert scale, depending on the exact question. The scale was adapted to separately assess: (1) credibility beliefs for insomnia; (2) credibility beliefs for PCI; (3) expectancy beliefs for insomnia; and (4) expectancy beliefs for PCI. Since the CEQ utilizes two scales during the administration (1-9, and 0-100%), a composite score was derived for each factor (expectancy and credibility) by first standardizing the individual items and then summing those items for each factor yielding total scores, where higher values indicate stronger credibility and expectancy beliefs. Credibility beliefs scores ranged from 0 to 23 and expectancy beliefs scores ranged from 0 to 27.

Although there were 63 and 69 participants who began treatment in the CBT-I and waitlist groups, respectively, we only have data from participants whose data were complete for this measure.

Participants in the waitlist control group will be required to monitor their sleep with sleep diaries for 7 weeks. They will receive CBT-I delivered by video-conferencing immediately after the waiting period.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): CBT-I is a manualized multi-component intervention that includes sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and sleep hygiene.

(New occurrence of pain or flare up of existing pain; e.g., hip, joints, shoulder, back, neck, chest, muscle, etc.)