Motor imagery and action observation of orofacial exercises with moderate dosage

PPT is defined as the minimal amount of pressure where a sense of pressure first changes to pain. The mechanical pressure algometer (Force Ten TM FDX Digital Force Gage) used in this study consisted of a round rubber disk (area, 1 cm2) attached to a pressure (force) gauge. The gauge displays values in kilograms but, because the surface of the rubber tip is 1 cm2, the readings are expressed in kg/cm2. The range of values of the pressure algometer is 0 to 10 kg, with 0.1-kg divisions. The pressure was applied at a rate of 0.31 kg/second (Chesterton et al. 2007).

Lingual muscle endurance is assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) (Adams et al. 2015). The measurement of muscular endurance was carried out by placing a plastic bulb with oblong air content on the hard palate, posterior to the central incisor teeth. The participants were asked to elevate the lingual (through anterior and posterior lingual region) to press the instrument with the maximum possible force for 3 seconds, while monitoring the force exerted, quantified in Newtons Adams et al. (2015) found moderate to strong reliability for anterior (ICC: 0.58-0.77) and posterior (ICC 0.77-0.84) tongue strength.

The Borg scale of perceived effort measures the entire range of effort that the individual perceives when exercising. This scale gives criteria to make adjustments to the intensity of exercise, that is. To the workload, and thus predict and dictate the different intensities of exercise in sports and in medical rehabilitation (BORG, 1982). It can also be used in athletics, astronautics, industry and military environments, as well as in everyday situations. The concept of perceived effort is a subjective evaluation that indicates the subject's opinion regarding the intensity of the work carried out (MORGAN, 1973). The subject doing the exercise must designate a number, from 1 to 20, to represent the subjective sensation of the amount of work performed and higher values represent more perceived exertion