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Objective: The present study aimed to determine the expressions of nuclear receptors PPAR (Peroxisome proliferative activator receptor)-γ, RXR (Retinoid X receptor)-α, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in healthy volunteers and periodontitis patients with different grade involvement.
Methods: Group-1; healthy individuals, Group-2; periodontitis patients-stage 3 grade B, (H-GradeB), Group-3; periodontitis patients-stage 3 grade C, (D-GradeC). Clinical parameters as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were measured. Fibroblast and inflammatory cells, PPAR-γ, RXR-α, and VDR levels were determined in histological slides.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group-1 | Healthy individuals |
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| Group-2 | Periodontitis patients-stage 3-grade B |
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| Group-3 | Periodontitis patients-stage 3-grade C |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gingiva Biopsy Sampling | Diagnostic Test | Gingival samples of healthy individuals were collected by gingivectomy or crown lengthening procedure in the routine treatment protocol or before orthodontically indicated tooth extraction. Gingival samples of periodontitis patients were obtained during the scaling and root planning procedure. Posterior maxillary teeth (#4, #5, #6, and #7) were chosen for gingival sampling. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory cell counts | Connective tissues were evaluated, and inflammatory cell infiltration were counted in the H&E stained slides using a light microscope (Nikon Eclipse, E 600, Tokyo, Japan). For cell counting, connective tissue neighboring gingival epithelium was marked, and a cell counting frame of 10000 µm2 was marked. Inflammatory cells (neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and macrophage cells) within the frame were counted. The measurements were performed from three different points, and the mean of these three measurements was recorded. | During histological tissue processing |
| Fibroblasts counts | For cell counting, connective tissue neighboring gingival epithelium was marked, and a cell counting frame of 10000 µm2 was marked. The fibroblast counts within the frame were counted. The measurements were performed from three different points, and the mean of these three measurements was recorded. | During histological tissue processing |
| PPAR (Peroxisome proliferative activator receptor)-γ | PPAR (Peroxisome proliferative activator receptor)-γ levels were determined via immunohistochemistry. | During histological tissue processing |
| RXR (Retinoid X receptor)-α | RXR (Retinoid X receptor)-α levels were determined via immunohistochemistry. | During histological tissue processing |
| Vitamin D receptor (VDR) | Vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels were determined via immunohistochemistry. | During histological tissue processing |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Three study groups were created, and 45 participants were enrolled in the present study.
The study groups were; Group-1; healthy individuals (mean age 42.34±3.89, nine women, six men) Group-2; periodontitis patients-stage 3 grade B, (GradeB) (mean age 43.12±3.16, 10 women, 5 men) Group-3; periodontitis patients-stage 3 grade C, (GradeC) (mean age 42.78±2.99, 10 women, 5 men)
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ozkan KARATAS | Contact | 05335141032 | dtokaratas@hotmail.com |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaziosmanpasa University | Tokat Province | 60000 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010518 | Periodontitis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010510 | Periodontal Diseases |
| D009059 | Mouth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
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