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Greater occipital nerve block ("GON block") is carried out extensively in the treatment of chronic migraine, but more research is required to understand the effectiveness of the procedure. It consists of a superficial injection of local anaesthetic and steroid around a nerve at the back of the head that supplies sensation to part of the scalp. This study intends to provide more detailed information on the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of GON block with local anaesthetic and steroid in patients with chronic migraine. It does this by comparing it to a dummy (placebo) procedure (a needle is inserted near the nerve, but no therapeutic substance is injected). It is a "cross-over study": all patients will receive both the GON block and the dummy procedure (not necessarily in that order), with a period in between to assess the response to the first injection. The GON block will entail an injection of 2 mls of 2% lidocaine (a local anaesthetic) and 80 mg of DepoMedrone (a steroid) through a fine needle (a total of 4 mls). The dummy procedure will consist of an injection of 4 mls of normal saline (a solution of common salt and water) through a fine needle. Patients will be followed up at various time points throughout 6 months whilst being enrolled on the study.
Chronic migraine is characterised by frequency of headache ≥ 15 days per month for more than 3 months. The location can be unilateral or bilateral. Usually described as pulsating in nature, it may be aggravated by, or cause avoidance of, routine activities of daily living. There can be associated light and noise sensitivity. Greater occipital nerve (GON) blockade with local anaesthetics and steroids has been used as a preventative strategy for a range of headaches including, migraine, cluster headache and hemicrania continua.
The occipital nerves have a sensory distribution in the occipital area. The greater occipital nerve derives most of its fibres from the C2 dorsal root [6]. It passes over the superior nuchal line, mid-way between the mastoid process and the occipital protuberance, just lateral to the insertion of the nuchal ligaments. The lesser occipital nerve passes lateral to the greater occipital nerve, over the nuchal ridge. Although the exact mechanism of action remains unclear, injection of steroid in the vicinity of GON nerve can have both a local effect (decreasing nociception) and a delayed central nociceptive response, possibly through an action on trigeminocervical relay
Although GON block is carried out extensively in the prophylaxis of chronic migraine, the evidence remains equivocal. In the UK, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence have yet to include GON blocks in their guidance and protocols on the treatment of both chronic headache and migraine. This randomised, single-blinded, placebo-controlled multicentre cross-over study intends to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of greater occipital nerve block with local anaesthetic and steroid in patients with chronic migraine with the primary objective to investigate any improvement in disability associated with chronic migraine disorder. We also intend to identify any economic outcomes associated with these injections in the management of chronic migraine.
GON block with local anaesthetic and steroid for chronic migraine and the placebo procedure will be performed in the outpatient setting. They will be carried out only by appropriately qualified members of the research team adhering to strict aseptic conditions and following standard operating protocols with regards to admission and discharge criteria in the outpatient settings.
GON block is routinely carried out in the UK and poses minimal risks to the patient. Although GON block is carried out extensively in prophylaxis of chronic migraine, the evidence remains equivocal. In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have yet to include GON blocks in their guidance and protocols on the treatment of both chronic headache and migraine.
The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of greater occipital nerve block with local anaesthetic and steroid in patients with chronic migraine of more than three months' duration.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active group | Active Comparator | The active group will be administered 2 mls of 2% lidocaine and 80mg methylprednisolone. |
|
| Placebo group | Placebo Comparator | The placebo group will be administered 4mls of 0.9% saline. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined Depo-Medrone and Lidocaine | Drug | Patients will be randomised 1:1 to receive the active or placebo arm. The nerve is located along the superior nuchal line, where it bilaterally lies medial to the occipital artery. The scalp is prepped with alcohol and using 23G needle, the IMPs are injected at a 90 degrees angle till the bony endpoint is obtained. A combination of 2 mls of 2% lidocaine and 80mg methylprednisolone will be administered. Patients who no longer receive any benefit will be crossed over to the placebo arm. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The changes in disability associated with chronic migraine disorder at baseline | The average change in HIT-6 scores which measures six patient self-assessment-questions and helps distinguish the impact the effect of headache and its treatment on the patient's functional status and quality of life. | Baseline |
| The changes in baseline headache impact test scores (HIT-6) at 4 weeks | The average change in HIT-6 scores which measures six patient self-assessment-questions and helps distinguish the impact the effect of headache and its treatment on the patient's functional status and quality of life. | 4 weeks |
| The changes in baseline headache impact test scores (HIT-6) at 8 weeks | The average change in HIT-6 scores which measures six patient self-assessment-questions and helps distinguish the impact the effect of headache and its treatment on the patient's functional status and quality of life. | 8 weeks |
| The changes in baseline headache impact test scores (HIT-6) at 12 weeks | The average change in HIT-6 scores which measures six patient self-assessment-questions and helps distinguish the impact the effect of headache and its treatment on the patient's functional status and quality of life. | 12 weeks |
| The changes in baseline headache impact test scores (HIT-6) at 16 weeks | The average change in HIT-6 scores which measures six patient self-assessment-questions and helps distinguish the impact the effect of headache and its treatment on the patient's functional status and quality of life. | 16 weeks |
| The changes in baseline headache impact test scores (HIT-6) at 20 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Headache frequency & Severity at baseline | changes in Frequency and severity as scored in the HIT-6 questionnaire. Total scores can range between 36-78. Scores higher than 60 can indicate more greater impact on patient life. | baseline |
| Change from baseline Headache frequency & Severity at 4 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anish Bahra | University College London Hospitals | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barts Health NHS Trust | London | EC1A 4NP | United Kingdom |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008881 | Migraine Disorders |
| D006261 | Headache |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D051270 | Headache Disorders, Primary |
| D020773 | Headache Disorders |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008012 | Lidocaine |
| D012965 | Sodium Chloride |
| D000077330 | Saline Solution |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000083 | Acetanilides |
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000814 |
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Consented participants will be individually randomised by the Principal Investigator (PI) in a 1:1 ratio to receive either the GON block (active group) or the placebo injection (control group).
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This is a blinded, placebo controlled study, whereby the patient and the research team except for the injector are blinded.
|
|
| Sodium Chloride 0.9% Inj | Drug | Patients will be randomised 1:1 to receive the active or placebo arm. The nerve is located along the superior nuchal line, where it bilaterally lies medial to the occipital artery. The scalp is prepped with alcohol and using 23G needle the 4mls of normal saline (0.9%) are injected at a 90 degrees angle till the bony endpoint is obtained. Patients who no longer receive any benefit will be crossed over to the active arm. |
|
|
The average change in HIT-6 scores which measures six patient self-assessment-questions and helps distinguish the impact the effect of headache and its treatment on the patient's functional status and quality of life. |
| 20 weeks |
| The changes in baseline headache impact test scores (HIT-6) at 24 weeks | The average change in HIT-6 scores which measures six patient self-assessment-questions and helps distinguish the impact the effect of headache and its treatment on the patient's functional status and quality of life. | 24 weeks |
| change in quality of life relating to migraine at baseline | average change MSQ (Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire) to assess quality of life relating to migraine. MSQ Version 2.1 consists of 14 questions. | baseline |
| change in quality of life relating to migraine from baseline at 4 weeks | average change MSQ (Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire) to assess quality of life relating to migraine. MSQ Version 2.1 consists of 14 questions. | 4 weeks |
| change in quality of life relating to migraine from baseline at 8 weeks | average change MSQ (Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire) to assess quality of life relating to migraine. MSQ Version 2.1 consists of 14 questions. | 8 weeks |
| change in quality of life relating to migraine from baseline at 12 weeks | average change MSQ (Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire) to assess quality of life relating to migraine. MSQ Version 2.1 consists of 14 questions. | 12 weeks |
| change in quality of life relating to migraine from baseline at 16 weeks | average change MSQ (Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire) to assess quality of life relating to migraine. MSQ Version 2.1 consists of 14 questions. | 16 weeks |
| change in quality of life relating to migraine from baseline at 20 weeks | average change MSQ (Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire) to assess quality of life relating to migraine. MSQ Version 2.1 consists of 14 questions. | 20 weeks |
| change in quality of life relating to migraine from baseline at 24 weeks | average change MSQ (Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire) to assess quality of life relating to migraine. MSQ Version 2.1 consists of 14 questions. | 24 weeks |
| change in health related quality of life associated with chronic migraine disorder at baseline | The changes reported in the short form survey with 12 questions (SF-12), comprised of two scales that provide glimpses into mental and physical functioning and overall health-related-quality of life. | baseline |
| change in health related quality of life associated with chronic migraine disorder from baseline at 4 weeks | The changes reported in the short form survey with 12 questions (SF-12), comprised of two scales that provide glimpses into mental and physical functioning and overall health-related-quality of life. | 4 weeks |
| change in health related quality of life associated with chronic migraine disorder from baseline at 8 weeks | The changes reported in the short form survey with 12 questions (SF-12), comprised of two scales that provide glimpses into mental and physical functioning and overall health-related-quality of life. | 8 weeks |
| change in health related quality of life associated with chronic migraine disorder from baseline at 12 weeks | The changes reported in the short form survey with 12 questions (SF-12), comprised of two scales that provide glimpses into mental and physical functioning and overall health-related-quality of life. | 12 weeks |
| change in health related quality of life associated with chronic migraine disorder from baseline at 16 weeks | The changes reported in the short form survey with 12 questions (SF-12), comprised of two scales that provide glimpses into mental and physical functioning and overall health-related-quality of life. | 16 weeks |
| change in health related quality of life associated with chronic migraine disorder from baseline at 20 weeks | The changes reported in the short form survey with 12 questions (SF-12), comprised of two scales that provide glimpses into mental and physical functioning and overall health-related-quality of life. | 20 weeks |
| change in health related quality of life associated with chronic migraine disorder from baseline at 24 weeks | The changes reported in the short form survey with 12 questions (SF-12), comprised of two scales that provide glimpses into mental and physical functioning and overall health-related-quality of life. | 24 weeks |
changes in Frequency and severity as scored in the HIT-6 questionnaire when compared to baseline. Total scores can range between 36-78. Scores higher than 60 can indicate more greater impact on patient life. |
| 4 weeks |
| Change from baseline Headache frequency & Severity at 8 weeks | changes in Frequency and severity as scored in the HIT-6 questionnaire when compared to baseline. Total scores can range between 36-78. Scores higher than 60 can indicate more greater impact on patient life. | 8 weeks |
| Change from baseline Headache frequency & Severity at 12 weeks | changes in Frequency and severity as scored in the HIT-6 questionnaire when compared to baseline. Total scores can range between 36-78. Scores higher than 60 can indicate more greater impact on patient life. | 12 weeks |
| Change from baseline Headache frequency & Severity at 16 weeks | changes in Frequency and severity as scored in the HIT-6 questionnaire. Total scores can range between 36-78. Scores higher than 60 can indicate more greater impact on patient life. | 16 weeks |
| Change in Headache frequency & Severity at 20 weeks | changes in Frequency and severity as scored in the HIT-6 questionnaire when compared to baseline.Total scores can range between 36-78. Scores higher than 60 can indicate more greater impact on patient life. | 20 weeks |
| Change from baseline Headache frequency & Severity at 24 weeks | changes in Frequency and severity as scored in the HIT-6 questionnaire. Total scores can range between 36-78. Scores higher than 60 can indicate more greater impact on patient life. | 24 weeks |
| Change in anxiety and depression levels at baseline | Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS) questionnaire Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The higher the score, the more impact the headache has on the patient's life. | baseline |
| Change from baseline anxiety and depression levels at 4 weeks | Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS) questionnaire when compared to baseline. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The higher the score, the more impact the headache has on the patient's life. | 4 weeks |
| Change from baseline anxiety and depression levels at 8 weeks | Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS) questionnaire when compared to baseline | 8 weeks |
| Change from baseline anxiety and depression levels at 12 weeks | Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS) questionnaire when compared to baseline. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The higher the score, the more impact the headache has on the patient's life. | 12 weeks |
| Change from baseline anxiety and depression levels at 16 weeks | Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS) questionnaire when compared to baseline. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The higher the score, the more impact the headache has on the patient's life. | 16 weeks |
| Change from baseline anxiety and depression levels at 20 weeks | Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS) questionnaire when compared to baseline. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The higher the score, the more impact the headache has on the patient's life. | 20 weeks |
| Change from baseline anxiety and depression levels at 24 weeks | Change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scores (HADS) questionnaire when compared to baseline. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. The higher the score, the more impact the headache has on the patient's life. | 24 weeks |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| Aniline Compounds |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D002712 | Chlorides |
| D006851 | Hydrochloric Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D017670 | Sodium Compounds |
| D000077324 | Crystalloid Solutions |
| D007552 | Isotonic Solutions |
| D012996 | Solutions |
| D004364 | Pharmaceutical Preparations |