Number of participants with moderate-to-severe acute exacerbation within 1 year after the index date was reported.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.

The annualized rate of moderate-to-severe exacerbation was calculated as: total number of episodes of moderate-to-severe exacerbation of all participants divided by the sum of follow-up period [years] of all participants. The corresponding 95% confidence interval was from Poisson regression.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.

The annualized rate of mild exacerbation was calculated as: total number of episodes of mild exacerbation of all participants divided by the sum of follow-up period [years] of all participants. The corresponding 95% confidence interval was from Poisson regression.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.

The annualized rate of moderate exacerbation was calculated as: total number of episodes of moderate exacerbation of all participants divided by the sum of follow-up period [years] of all participants. The corresponding 95% confidence interval was from Poisson regression.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.

The annualized rate of severe exacerbation was calculated as: total number of episodes of severe exacerbation of all participants divided by the sum of follow-up period [years] of all participants. The corresponding 95% confidence interval was from Poisson regression.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.

Incidence of patients escalating therapy, from single/dual to dual/triple therapy such as receiving Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) escalated to dual therapy or receiving LABA+LAMA (Tiotropium+Olodaterol) escalated to triple therapy(LABA+LAMA+inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)), within 1 year after the index date was reported.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.

Percentage of patients receiving dual therapy (Tiotropium+Olodaterol or other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) therapy) escalated to triple therapy (LABA+LAMA + inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)) or LAMA escalated to dual therapy (LABA + LAMA) was reported.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.

Change from baseline in pulmonary function after Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Tiotropium+Olodaterol or other LABA+LAMA therapy) or LAMA initiation evaluating by post-bronchodilatorForced Expiratory Volume in one second (Post-FEV1) at 12 months after index date was reported.

Spirometry was the most common tool to evaluate the lung function of patients with respiratory disease. Among the results of spirometry, post-bronchodilator Forced Expiratory Volume in one second was used for assisting in the diagnosis, determining disease severity, and following up the prognosis.

Propensity score (PS) matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist +Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via PS to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups. Only patients with non-missing endpoint results were included in the analysis.

Change from baseline in pulmonary function after Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Tiotropium+Olodaterol or other LABA+LAMA therapy) or LAMA initiation evaluating by post-bronchodilator Forced Volume Vital Capacity (Post-FVC) at 12 months after index date was reported.

Spirometry was the most common tool to evaluate the lung function of patients with respiratory disease. Among the results of spirometry, post-bronchodilator Forced Volume Vital Capacity was used for assisting in the diagnosis, determining disease severity, and following up the prognosis.

Propensity score (PS) matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist +Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via PS to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups. Only patients with non-missing endpoint results were included in the analysis.

Change from baseline in pulmonary function after Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Tiotropium+Olodaterol or other LABA+LAMA therapy) or LAMA initiation evaluating by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Assessment Test (CAT) score at 12 months after index date was reported.

The COPD assessment test (CAT) was a simple, 8-item, health status instrument which provided a simple method for assessing the impact of COPD on the patient's health and the quality of life. Each item was on a 6-point scale: 0 (no impact) to 5 (maximum impact). The CAT score ranging from 0 (better health status) to 40 (worse health status) was calculated by summing the points for each item. A decrease in CAT score represents an improvement in health status, whereas an increase in CAT score represents a worsening in health status.

Propensity score (PS) matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist +Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via PS to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups. Only patients with non-missing endpoint results were included in the analysis.

Change from baseline in pulmonary function after Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Tiotropium+Olodaterol or other LABA+LAMA therapy) or LAMA initiation evaluating by modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) at 12 months after index date is reported.

Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) is a 5 points scale measuring the severity of dyspnea of patients. The scale ranges from 0 (better outcome) to 4 (worse outcome). The higher the scale value, the more severe the dyspnea is. If mMRC scale of the patient was > 2, it means the patient may suffer from dyspnea.

Propensity score (PS) matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist +Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via PS to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups. Only patients with non-missing endpoint results were included in the analysis.

Percentage of patients using rescue medications within 1 year after index date was reported.

Propensity score matched cohort: All eligible Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in Taiwan who were administered with tiotropium + olodaterol, other Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA)+Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) (Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) or free combo) or LAMA treatment for 3 months at least prior to 30 June 2018, and matching via propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between the study groups.