Pain education was conducted in physical conditions similar to the university classrooms where the study was performed for all participants.

Pain neuroscience education (PNE) was conducted in physical conditions similar to the university classrooms where the study was performed. The sessions were conducted as 70-minute didactic group lessons with the same content held in separate sessions for students in each class. PowerPoint (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) presentations prepared by the instructor were used in all sessions. Metaphors, anecdotes, graphics, and pictures were used in an attempt to convey the information and messages about pain physiology and theory more permanently and effectively. In the PNE sessions, it was explained that the nervous system can be overprotective and that in addition to the sensitivity of the central nervous system, nociceptive transmission can be affected by an individual's thoughts, beliefs, and surroundings. At the end of the session, the students were given time to ask questions, but group discussion was limited to 15 minutes due to time restrictions.

The NPQ was designed to assess pain knowledge and consists of 19 questions with choices of "true", "false", or "I don't know." The questionnaire was developed in 2003 by Moseley , the validity study was conducted by Catley et al. , and it was determined as effective in the evaluation of pain knowledge. The total score is 0-19, with higher score indicating more correct answers. It was reported that the NPQ can be used both with healthcare professionals and with patients after some modifications to make it more comprehensible for patients.

This tool was developed to distinguish between biomedical and biopsychosocial orientations toward the treatment of low back pain in physiotherapists. In the biomedical treatment orientation, the predominant belief is that the source of pain and disability is a specific pathology and tissue damage, and therefore the main goal is to treat the signs and symptoms of the pathology [19]. In the biopsychosocial treatment orientation, pain and disability can occur in the absence of tissue injury and are affected by psychological and social factors. The scale uses a 6-point Likert-type scale (1=definitely disagree, 6=definitely agree). Treatment orientation is measured on the biomedical (factor 1) and biopsychosocial (factor 2) subscales. Subscale scores are calculated by simply adding the scores corresponding to the selected response for each item.