This study provides a work package for a larger programme of research developing Precision Surgery for Glioblastomas by developing individualised treatment volumes for surgery and radiotherapy. This study will recruit a cohort of patients with tumours in different brain regions and involve imaging pre- and post-operatively to outline the area of 'injury' to normal brain. The investigators will then correlate anatomical disruption with changes in measures of quality of life, visual functioning and visual fields and neuropsychology.

This study aims to explore the effect of surgically induced visual and neuro-cognitive defects on patient functioning and quality of life. The aims of this study are:

1. Understand the impact of surgically induced lesions of visual and limbic pathways on quality of life;
2. Determine anatomical regions and brain networks that lead to deterioration in quality of life;
3. Determine extent of early recovery from surgically-induced lesions.

Patient Assessment: Patients will be assessed using the following tools.

1. Ophthalmological assessment - will include:

   1. Acuity (LogMAR - Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution);
   2. Colour vision (Ishihara);
   3. Basic eye exam to exclude pre-existing ocular pathology (e.g. papilloedema causing a constricted field/enlarged blind spot);
   4. Monocular (Humphrey) and binocular (Esterman) visual field tests.

2. MR imaging - imaging protocol will include:

   1. Standard, anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
   2. Diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) - to allow tractography of white matter pathways and to identify post-operative disruption;
   3. Resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) - to explore plasticity and effect of surgery on functional networks;
   4. 3d contrast enhanced T1-weighted sequence (for surgical planning).

3. Assessment of visual functioning - using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) - this 25 item questionnaire assesses difficulty with activities that require vision and their impact on quality of life.

4. Health related quality of life - will be assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire -30 (EORTC-QLQ30) with the Brain Tumour 20 module (BN20).

5. Cognitive function - neuropsychological will be performed using the OCS-Bridge cognitive screening battery (https://ocs-bridge.com/about.html) on a tablet computer. It takes up to 30minutes to complete:

   1. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS): assesses language, semantics, orientation, reading, movement, number knowledge, mental flexibility, spatial attention and memory.
   2. Cambridge Attention, Memory and Perception Tests: covers visual acuity, verbal and spatial memory, prospective memory, recognition memory, recognition of emotion and sustained attention.
   3. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7): measure anxiety and disturbances of mood.
   4. Cognitive reserve - will be estimated pre-operatively (only) using the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRq) questionnaire that estimates high, medium and low cognitive reserve.

Timings of assessments will be:

1. Baseline assessment: performed pre-operatively.
2. Early assessment: performed in the immediate post-operative period prior to discharge (within 72 hours of surgery). Imaging performed at this time point will be used to determine anatomical disruption following surgery as described in previous studies.
3. Delayed assessment: before radiotherapy starts (within 6 weeks after surgery) to assess recovery. Time points later than this will be confounded by radiotherapy.

Analysis of Clinical Data:

Visual deterioration will be defined as either deterioration in visual acuity (reduction in LogMAR >0.2), or an increase in visual field loss. Deterioration in the NEI-VFQ25 will be determined by published minimal important clinical differences.

Cognitive deterioration: significant abnormalities in cognition are defined as >2 standard deviations from established data from normal patients.

Changes in quality of life: as the investigators expect undergoing surgery alone may be associated with deterioration in quality of life, using published, minimally important clinical differences may not be valid. Instead the investigators will use the reliable change index (RCI) - this this is an individual's score computed as the difference in the baseline and delayed assessment tests divided by the standard error of the difference of the test calculated from a cohort of patients who have undergone an image-guided biopsy (i.e. underwent surgery under anaesthesia with minimal brain disruption) as control subjects.

MR Image Analysis:

1. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping will be used to identify the relationships between the surgical site location assessed on MRI and DTI with deterioration in quality of life using methods described in other studies mapping lesions to language and visual deficits.

2. DTI imaging data will study white matter disruption and will be processed in a number of ways -

   1. Measure metrics of the white matter regions to assess effect of tumour invasion using our previously developed methods,
   2. Tractography of the visual pathways will show injury of these pathways using previously developed repeatable and reproducible methods developed.

3. Resting state functional MRI will assess changes to the integrity of brain functional networks and connections. Analysis will include -

   1. independent component analysis (ICA) to identify resting-state networks;
   2. connectome analysis using graph theory measures that correlate to network efficiency, and
   3. fractal analysis looks at the complexity of blood oxygen level (BOLD) time series as a proxy for the capacity for neuronal processing as a global measure of network disruption.

Objectives and key deliverables: The primary objective will be to assess impact of developing a new, permanent surgically-induced visual or cognitive lesion has on quality of life. This will be achieved by understanding the effect of surgically induced visual/cognitive defects on quality of life. This will be achieved by comparing quality of life and NEI-VFQ25 scores for patients with and without newly developed surgically induced deficits.

Secondary objectives will include:

1. Explore which anatomical/functional regions will lead to deterioration in quality of life, neurocognitive function and NIE-VFQ25 scores. This will be achieved by:

   1. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping;
   2. White matter tracts disrupted (from DTI data).

2. Investigate recovery of surgically-induced visual/cognitive deficits. This will be studied by comparing visual and cognitive function between initial post-operative assessment and before starting radiotherapy.

3. Quantifying white matter tract disruption by correlating DTI metrics with development of new visual deficits.

4. Assess impact of cognitive reserve on surgically induced cognitive deficits by assessing cognitive decline with different degrees of cognitive reserve.

The investigators will use the data to explore the impact on surgery and changes in cognition and quality of life with disruption of functional brain networks as an exploratory outcome.

Patient Numbers: By recruiting 21 patients with visual deficits and comparing their mean RCI values with 21 patients without such deficits (as controls), an effect size of 0.8 (large) can be detected with 80% probability in a one-sided test (5% type I error rate). An effect size of 0.6 would be detected with a 60% probability under the same conditions with that sample size. From our pilot study data the investigators assume a 25% rate of visual deficit, and therefore 84 patients need to be recruited as a minimum to achieve the required sample size per group. A further 21 patients with frontal lobe lesions will be recruited to look for cognitive decline, and then (generously) assume a 15% drop out figure, so that the total patient numbers will be 120 for this work-package.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Have given written informed consent to participate
• Assessed by a neuroscience multi disciplinary team meeting (MDT) to have a high grade glioma on imaging;
• World Health Organisation Performance Scale (WHO PS 0 or 1);
• Patient suitable for tumour resection where the treating neurosurgeon feels that >90% of the enhancing tumour will be resected.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pre-existing complete homonymous hemianopia or unilateral blindness or visual problems leading to patient being certified sight impaired (visual acuity of 3/60 to 6/60 with a full field of vision or visual acuity of up to 6/24 with a moderate reduction of field of vision or with a central part of vision that is cloudy or blurry).
• Pre-existing severe psychiatric disease
• Patients who are unsuitable for a contrast-enhanced MRI will be excluded.

Such clinical problems include, but are not limited to:

• MR unsafe metallic implants;
• Claustrophobia;
• Allergy to gadolinium contrast agent;
• History of severe renal impairment.

Glioblastoma patients presenting to a single neurosciences MDT

This is being explored as part of a United Kingdom's Cancer Research UK initiative