Participants from 14 different countries received a single session of biofield therapy (Okada Purifying Therapy) lasting 30 minutes or longer from the volunteer practitioners. Before and after the therapy, they reported the severity of physical pain, anxiety/depression, dizziness/palpitation, and overall symptoms. The team compared the effectiveness/safety of biofield therapy between countries and analyzed the factors associated with the outcomes.

Participants aged 16 or older from 14 different countries (Japan, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Taiwan, Thai, South Korea, Belgium, France, Portugal, and Spain) received a single session of biofield therapy (Okada Purifying Therapy) lasting 30 minutes or longer from the volunteer practitioners in their country of residence. Before and after the intervention, they reported each severity level of physical pain, anxiety/depression, dizziness/palpitation, and overall symptoms. The team compared the improvement/exacerbation rate of a single session of biofield therapy between the countries, and examined the adjusted odds ratio of the variables associated with the changes in each category of symptoms in a real-world setting.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals who agreed to receive a single session of biofield therapy for 30 minutes or longer from the volunteer investigators.
2. Individuals who were able to self-evaluate the change of their symptoms.
3. Individuals who were competent to answer the questionnaires.
4. Individuals who were aged 16 or older.

Exclusion Criteria:

• no specific exclusion criteria

Participants were recruited in various settings, including the workshop, the investigator's house, or the participant's home in 14 different countries.