Recruitment problems making the study completion unlikely

The improvement of postoperative analgesia is an important issue in orthopedic surgery, especially after total knee arthroplasty The use of a peripheral nerve block such as the adductor canal block is favored since it offers a postoperative analgesia superior to opioids, and also preserves the strength of the quadriceps, as opposed to the femoral block.

The adductor canal block can be given as a single injection (single shot) or a continuous perineural infusion to extend the block's analgesic duration. It is unclear if the continuous infusion is superior to the single shot. Indeed, a high catheter dislodgement rate is observed for this location and local anesthetics could migrate into the femoral canal, resulting in quadriceps weakness. Alternatively, adequate postoperative analgesia has been shown effective with a single shot adductor canal block combined with extended release opioids.

The primary objective in this study is to compare two analgesic protocols on the pain score at walk 24 hours after total knee arthroplasty.

Here are the two protocols compared :

1. Adductor canal block followed by continuous perineural perfusion for 48 hours
2. Adductor canal block (single shot) followed by hydromorphone extended release formulation for 48 hours In addition to analgesic adjuvants administered in both groups : acetaminophen, celecoxib, pregabalin, dexamethasone and periarticular infiltration.

Our hypothesis is that both protocols ensure a similar analgesia.

The improvement of postoperative analgesia is an important issue in orthopedic surgery, especially after total knee arthroplasty. The early postoperative mobilization of these patients is crucial to ensure a favorable functional evolution, and this goal can't be accomplished without effective analgesia. Opioids offer an efficient pain relief, but their consumption can result in side effects that can increase the length of hospital stay. The use of a peripheral nerve block, such as the adductor canal block (BCA) is a widely favored alternative since it allows postoperative analgesia superior to opioids while preserving the strength of the quadriceps.

For a long period of time, the femoral block has been the most popular peripheral nerve block for patients after a knee arthroplasty. However, this perineural block is associated with an important rate of quadriceps' weakness, which could impair the post-operative mobilization and expose the patient to a risk of falling. It has now been widely replaced by the adductor canal block. The latter has the advantage of providing analgesia at rest and during movement equivalent to the femoral block, while preserving the quadriceps strength and offering a better mobility in the first 24 hours after surgery. In opposition to the femoral block, the adductor canal block does not increase the risk of falling since it is mainly a sensitive block.

The adductor canal block is an advantageous analgesic modality for patients after TKA, but it is limited since it offers only analgesia to the anteromedial aspect of the knee, sparing the lateral and posterior faces. It is common to combine this block with a periarticular knee infiltration with local anesthetics, performed by the surgical team at the end of the surgery. The two modalities combined make it possible to achieve very low pains scores at rest and during walking, compared to both techniques used separately.

The adductor canal block can be administered in one unique injection or with a perineural continuous infusion, to extend the block's analgesic duration. However, it is uncertain whether there is an advantage to use a continuous infusion. There is a significant rate of catheter migrating out of the adductor canal and losing effect. There is also the possibility that the continuous infusion results in a proximal extent of local anesthetic in the femoral canal, generating quadriceps weakness that invalidates the benefits for ACB in the context of postoperative mobilization.

Indeed, the location of the catheter near the surgical site predisposes it to be dislodged out of the adductor canal during surgical manipulations in a significant proportion of patients. A rate as high as 30% of catheter dislodgement on postoperative day 1 was observed. It is possible to perform the block after surgery, before the dressing is applied, but this practice tends to create delays, which are not desirable in the actual context of optimization of the OR time.

In addition, perineural catheters require a strict surveillance by a specialized team and could interfere with patient mobilization because of the restriction associated with the equipment involved. It is reasonable to think that the absence of a catheter and an infusion pump offers an easier mobilization, although this has not been validated in clinical trials.

Finally, continuous infusions increase the cumulative dose of local anesthetics that the patients is exposed to. In order to reduce the toxicity risk, it is necessary to reduce the periarticular infiltration doses, which could impair the quality of analgesia.

Alternatively, it has been demonstrated that adequate post-operative analgesia could be obtained with an adductor canal block, combined with extended release opioids. Several clinical trials involving patients after total knee arthroplasty have shown that there is a benefit to using extended release opioids added to a multimodal analgesia protocol. Their pharmacokinetic profile ensures a more constant analgesia, while offering a safety profile similar to immediate release opioids, a lesser risk of respiratory depression and overdose. The usage of extended release opioids after TKA is justified since patients accuse moderate to severe pain during the first days after surgery, despite the use of a multimodal analgesia protocol and sustained consumption of immediate release opioids.

These two protocols have not been compared.

In conclusion, there is a consensus that postoperative analgesia in patients after TKA should be addressed with a multimodal analgesia protocol that includes a perineural block and analgesic adjuvants. However, the optimal composition of this protocol is not well defined. In our hospital center, the postoperative analgesia protocol for TKA includes a continuous adductor canal block for 48 hours, intravenous dexamethasone, periarticular infiltration of the posterior capsule by the surgeon and analgesic adjuvants such as acetaminophen, celecoxib and pregabalin.

Study outcome and hypothesis

The primary objective in this study is to compare two analgesic protocols on the pain score while walking 24 hours after total knee arthroplasty.

Here are the two protocols compared :

1. Adductor canal block followed by continuous perineural perfusion for 48 hours
2. Adductor canal block (single shot) followed by hydromorphone extended release formulation for 48 hours In addition to analgesic adjuvants administered in both groups : acetaminophen, celecoxib, pregabalin, dexamethasone and periarticular infiltration.

Our hypothesis is that both protocols ensure a similar analgesia.

Our secondary issues are the proportion of patient that achieve a pain score at walk < 4, the time for the 10 m walk test, the incidence of drowsiness, nausea and vomiting and the postoperative opioid use at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively.

This clinical trial is relevant since it aims to answer a frequently asked question in clinical practice, and its outcome will have a direct impact on the anesthetic practice. In addition, it aims to improve early postoperative mobilization with acceptable pain, which is important after orthopedic surgery.

Methodology

Study design This will be a prospective, randomized, double blind study.

Population Patients undergoing elective TKA

Duration of study 18 months

Sample size Assuming a walking pain score at day 1 of 4.8 (± 2.3) with continuous infusion adductor canal block, periarticular infiltration and analgesic adjuvants, 69 patients per group will detect a difference of 25% between pain scores in both groups, with a power of 90% and an alpha = 0.05. In order to compensate for the losses at follow-up, a total of 150 patients will be recruited.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 18-80 years old
• American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I-III
• Primary total knee arthroplasty surgery under regional anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with eGFR < 60mL/min
• Contraindications for the use of spinal anesthesia or adductor canal block : infection, sepsis, evolutive neurological disease, coagulopathy, patient refusal.
• Chronic use of opioids (>30 mg daily morphine equivalent)
• Documented allergy to Hydromorphone, tramadol, celecoxib, ropivacaine, pregabalin, acetaminophen and/or ketorolac
• Patient weight < 50 kg or BMI > 40
• Severe cardiac disease
• Severe pulmonary disease
• Chronic use of monoamine oxydase inhibitors
• Pregnancy
• Inability to give informed consent
• Patient refusal

Participants won't know their group because this study will use a double placebo:

Group U: placebo for extended release hydromorphone (4 doses) Group C: sham perineurial infusion for 48h in group C (Perineurial catheter is connected to perineurial infusion pump but not infusion) Perineural infusion pumps will be covered with an opaque plastic bag to ensure blinding for patients and care providers Nurses and anesthesiologist and physiotherapist will be blinded to patient group allocation Investigator and outcome assessor will be blinded to group allocation