Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Society of Family Planning | OTHER |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The investigators are studying the effect of placing the etonogestrel implant (Nexplanon) in the first 24 hours after birth on breastfeeding. Women who wish to have an etonogestrel implant placed after their birth, wish to breastfeed, and are willing to participate in the study will be randomly assigned to either get the implant placed in the first 24 hours after delivery of the baby and placenta or 4-6 weeks later. The investigators do not believe there will be a difference in breastfeeding 8 weeks after delivery or time to lactogenesis between those who get the implant placed early or later.
Counseling and provision of postpartum contraception is an integral component of comprehensive reproductive healthcare. A woman's preference for contraception is paramount; early initiation of postpartum contraception may assist in optimal birth spacing promoting the wellbeing of mother and baby. Equally important is the provision of appropriate support for breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months with continuation beyond one year of age is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the World Health Organization (WHO).
The utilization of Long Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC's) has increased in the last decade. The etonogestrel (ENG) implant is one of the most effective LARC's and has become one of the methods used by many women in the postpartum period to prevent an unplanned pregnancy. The major advantage of immediate ENG implant insertion is the prompt initiation of a highly effective contraceptive method at a time that does not interfere with breastfeeding and the life changes and demands of motherhood.
Our long-term goal is to understand the impact of the ENG implant hormonal contraceptive, initiated early in the postpartum period, on breastfeeding. The central hypothesis is that breastfeeding continuation at eight weeks postpartum is not inferior in women in the immediate insertion group of the ENG implant than in those with standard insertion and that time to lactogenesis stage II is not more than 8 hours difference between the immediate insertion and standard insertion groups.
Primary:
Aim #1: To determine breastfeeding continuation rates at 8 weeks in both groups.
Aim #2: To determine the timing of lactogenesis in both groups
Secondary:
Aim #1: To assess breastfeeding continuation and exclusivity between the immediate versus the standard group. Aim #2: To compare postpartum factors associated with discontinuing breastfeeding between the immediate versus the standard group. Aim #3: To compare participant satisfaction with postpartum contraception counseling in women enrolled in the study and in those women who opted not to enroll in the study between the immediate versus the standard group. Aim #4: To compare postpartum mood as measured by EPDS score between the immediate versus the standard group. Aim #5: To compare postpartum sexual function as measured by Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score between the immediate versus the standard group. Aim #6: To compare the total number of days of postpartum bleeding in the immediate versus standard. Aim #7: To compare participant satisfaction with the timing of ENG implant insertion between the immediate versus the standard group
This proposal will support a non-inferiority RCT where participants will be randomly assigned to immediate insertion (first 24 hours after delivery) or delayed postpartum insertion (4-6 weeks postpartum). This project will provide needed evidence on breastfeeding impact of early postpartum initiation of the ENG implant.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immediate insertion group | Experimental | Immediate insertion in the first 24 hours after delivery ENG implant insertion Intervention. |
|
| Standard Postpartum Insertion Group | Active Comparator | Insertion of the Etonogestrel implant 4-6 weeks postpartum Intervention. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Etonogestrel | Drug | Immediate v. Standard insertion. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Continuation of Breastfeeding at 8 Weeks Postpartum | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare continuation of lactation between women in the immediate versus standard group. This will be assessed by answering a question with a dichotomous scale of yes or no in the follow-up questionnaire administer at 2,4,8,12 and 24 weeks postpartum. | For the primary outcome will be the first eight weeks after delivery. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Exclusive Breastfeeding | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare exclusive breastfeeding through 6 months postpartum between the immediate versus the standard group. This will be assessed by answering a trichotomous question with the following statement: If you are currently breastfeeding, are you:
|
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jamie Krashin@salud.unm.edu | University of New Mexico | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of New Mexico | Albuquerque | New Mexico | 87131 | United States | ||
| University of Utah |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion 736, Optimizing Postpartum Care. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2018 May; 131(5):140-150. | ||
| 22371471 | Background | Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2012 Mar;129(3):e827-41. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3552. Epub 2012 Feb 27. | |
| Background | AAFP Releases Position Paper on Breastfeeding Am Fam Physician. 2015 Jan 1;91(1):56-57. | ||
| 30247365 |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Immediate Insertion Group | Immediate insertion in the first 24 hours after delivery ENG implant insertion Intervention. Etonogestrel: Immediate v. Standard insertion. Nexplanon: Implant. |
| FG001 | Standard Postpartum Insertion Group | Insertion of the Etonogestrel implant 4-6 weeks postpartum Intervention. Etonogestrel: Immediate v. Standard insertion. Nexplanon: Implant. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Immediate Insertion Group, Per Protocol | Immediate insertion within first 24 hours after delivery ENG implant insertion Intervention. |
| BG001 | Standard Postpartum Insertion Group, Per Protocol |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Number of Participants With Continuation of Breastfeeding at 8 Weeks Postpartum | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare continuation of lactation between women in the immediate versus standard group. This will be assessed by answering a question with a dichotomous scale of yes or no in the follow-up questionnaire administer at 2,4,8,12 and 24 weeks postpartum. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | For the primary outcome will be the first eight weeks after delivery. |
|
5 years
The all-cause mortality event reported below was discovered during chart review. At that point in time, study recruitment and all prospective data collection from participants had already concluded. The IRB was notified, reviewed the case, and concluded that this death was unrelated to study participation, and therefore did not increase the overall risk of harm from participation.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Immediate Insertion Group | Immediate insertion in the first 24 hours after delivery ENG implant insertion Intervention. Etonogestrel: Immediate v. Standard insertion. Nexplanon: Implant. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Planning Research Team | UNM Obstetrics & Gynecology | 505-205-4118 | HSC-FamilyPlanningResearch@salud.unm.edu |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 15, 2024 | May 28, 2025 | Prot_SAP_001.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Jun 1, 2021 | May 28, 2025 | ICF_002.pdf |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C044815 | etonogestrel |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Nexplanon | Device | Implant. |
|
| Up to 24 weeks postpartum. |
| Factors Associated With Breastfeeding Discontinuation. | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare factors associated with discontinuing breastfeeding between the immediate versus the standard group. Subjects were asked to rate the importance of seven different factors independently, on a 4-item Likert scale from 0 = Not at all important, to 3 = Very important | Up to 24 weeks postpartum. |
| Satisfaction With Postpartum Contraception Counseling | Person-Centered Contraceptive Counseling Measure (PCCC Measure) pcccmeasure.ucsf.edu Scale range:
Higher values represent higher satisfaction and patient-centeredness | At enrollment. |
| Postpartum Mood | To compare postpartum mood as measured by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postpartum. Results reported as a total score ranging from 0-30, no subscale scores. A higher scale represents a worse outcome, ie. is more predictive of a depressive disorder including postpartum depression. | At 2, 4, and 8 weeks postpartum. |
| Sexual Function | To compare postpartum sexual function as measured by Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score. Minimum score 2, Maximum score 36. Subscales are combined by first totaling the scores for the individual questions in that domain (ex. for Desire, the sum of scores for questions 1 and 2). That total is then multiplied by the factor for that domain, which is listed in the table above. The output is the final score for that domain, and will fall within the minimum and maximum scores listed in the table above. For every domain, a lower score indicates either no sexual activity or negative outcomes in that domain, while a higher score indicates positive outcomes in that domain. | At 4, 8, and 12 weeks postpartum |
| Postpartum Bleeding Days | To compare the total number of days of postpartum bleeding in the immediate versus standard group. This is a secondary outcome for which analysis is ongoing. | At 2, 4, and 8 weeks postpartum. |
| Satisfaction With the ENG Implant | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare participant satisfaction with the ENG implant between the immediate versus the standard group. Scale: 0= Unsatisfied, 1=Satisfied, 2=Very satisfied | At 8 weeks postpartum |
| Timing of Breastfeeding Discontinuation Through 24 Weeks Postpartum Between Immediate and Standard Groups. | To compare timing of breastfeeding discontinuation through 6 months postpartum between the immediate versus the standard group. | Up to 24 weeks postpartum |
| Salt Lake City |
| Utah |
| 84132 |
| United States |
| Background |
| ACOG Committee Opinion No. 756: Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Oct;132(4):e187-e196. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002890. |
| 23905206 | Background | Infant and Young Child Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148965/ |
| Background | CDC. 2018 Breastfeeding Report Card [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018 [cited 2018 Nov 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/reportcard.htm |
| 11110856 | Background | Chapman DJ, Perez-Escamilla R. Maternal perception of the onset of lactation is a valid, public health indicator of lactogenesis stage II. J Nutr. 2000 Dec;130(12):2972-80. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.12.2972. |
| 27467196 | Background | Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, Simmons KB, Pagano HP, Jamieson DJ, Whiteman MK. U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016 Jul 29;65(3):1-103. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1. |
| Background | Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, et al. Contraception. In: Williams Obstetrics, 25e [Internet]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018 [cited 2018 Nov 10]. |
| 28842126 | Background | Turok DK, Leeman L, Sanders JN, Thaxton L, Eggebroten JL, Yonke N, Bullock H, Singh R, Gawron LM, Espey E. Immediate postpartum levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion and breast-feeding outcomes: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;217(6):665.e1-665.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.003. Epub 2017 Aug 23. |
| 28432791 | Background | Sothornwit J, Werawatakul Y, Kaewrudee S, Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M. Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 22;4(4):CD011913. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011913.pub2. |
| 21508750 | Background | Gurtcheff SE, Turok DK, Stoddard G, Murphy PA, Gibson M, Jones KP. Lactogenesis after early postpartum use of the contraceptive implant: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 May;117(5):1114-1121. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182165ee8. |
| 26410174 | Background | Phillips SJ, Tepper NK, Kapp N, Nanda K, Temmerman M, Curtis KM. Progestogen-only contraceptive use among breastfeeding women: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016 Sep;94(3):226-52. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.09.010. Epub 2015 Sep 26. |
| 27561981 | Background | Bryant AG, Bauer AE, Stuart GS, Levi EE, Zerden ML, Danvers A, Garrett JM. Etonogestrel-Releasing Contraceptive Implant for Postpartum Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2017 Jun;30(3):389-394. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.003. Epub 2016 Aug 22. |
| 22143258 | Background | Espey E, Ogburn T, Leeman L, Singh R, Ostrom K, Schrader R. Effect of progestin compared with combined oral contraceptive pills on lactation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jan;119(1):5-13. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823dc015. |
| Background | Acog.org. (2018). Medicaid Reimbursement for Postpartum LARC by State - ACOG. [online] Available at: https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Departments/Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception/Immediate-Postpartum-LARC-Medicaid-Reimbursement?IsMobileSet=false [Accessed 12 Jan. 2019]. |
| 24973904 | Background | Ireland LD, Goyal V, Raker CA, Murray A, Allen RH. The effect of immediate postpartum compared to delayed postpartum and interval etonogestrel contraceptive implant insertion on removal rates for bleeding. Contraception. 2014 Sep;90(3):253-8. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.010. Epub 2014 May 24. |
| 7847530 | Background | Phemister DA, Laurent S, Harrison FN Jr. Use of Norplant contraceptive implants in the immediate postpartum period: safety and tolerance. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jan;172(1 Pt 1):175-9. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90109-4. |
| 26545933 | Background | Dobromilsky KC, Allen PL, Raymond SH, Maindiratta B. A prospective cohort study of early postpartum etonogestrel implant (Implanon(R)) use and its effect on duration of lochia. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2016 Jul;42(3):187-93. doi: 10.1136/jfprhc-2014-101081. Epub 2015 Nov 6. |
| 29599988 | Background | Horibe M, Hane Y, Abe J, Matsui T, Kato Y, Ueda N, Sasaoka S, Motooka Y, Hatahira H, Hasegawa S, Kinosada Y, Hara H, Nakamura M. Contraceptives as possible risk factors for postpartum depression: A retrospective study of the food and drug administration adverse event reporting system, 2004-2015. Nurs Open. 2018 Jan 17;5(2):131-138. doi: 10.1002/nop2.121. eCollection 2018 Apr. |
| 28867443 | Background | Roberts TA, Hansen S. Association of Hormonal Contraception with depression in the postpartum period. Contraception. 2017 Dec;96(6):446-452. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.08.010. Epub 2017 Sep 1. |
| 27695725 | Background | Flore M, Chen XL, Bonney A, Mullan J, Dijkmans-Hadley B, Hodgkins A, Evans G, Frew H, Lloyd G. Patients' perspectives about why they have their contraceptive Implanon NXT device removed early. Aust Fam Physician. 2016 Oct;45(10):740-744. |
| Background | SAFE-T Pocket Card: Suicide Assessment Five-Step Evaluation and Triage for Clinicians. SAMHSA |
| 27741195 | Background | Higgins JA, Sanders JN, Palta M, Turok DK. Women's Sexual Function, Satisfaction, and Perceptions After Starting Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Nov;128(5):1143-1151. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001655. |
| 11898697 | Background | Meston CM, Derogatis LR. Validated instruments for assessing female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther. 2002;28 Suppl 1:155-64. doi: 10.1080/00926230252851276. |
| 30131221 | Background | Sanders JN, Higgins JA, Adkins DE, Stoddard GJ, Gawron LM, Turok DK. The Impact of Sexual Satisfaction, Functioning, and Perceived Contraceptive Effects on Sex Life on IUD and Implant Continuation at 1 Year. Womens Health Issues. 2018 Sep-Oct;28(5):401-407. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2018.06.003. Epub 2018 Aug 18. |
| 18829834 | Background | Li R, Fein SB, Chen J, Grummer-Strawn LM. Why mothers stop breastfeeding: mothers' self-reported reasons for stopping during the first year. Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122 Suppl 2:S69-76. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1315i. |
| 23420922 | Background | Odom EC, Li R, Scanlon KS, Perrine CG, Grummer-Strawn L. Reasons for earlier than desired cessation of breastfeeding. Pediatrics. 2013 Mar;131(3):e726-32. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1295. Epub 2013 Feb 18. |
Insertion of the Etonogestrel implant 4-6 weeks postpartum (changed post hoc to at least 2 weeks postpartum)
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Number | participants |
|
| Parity | Mean | Inter-Quartile Range | Parity |
|
| Previously used implant | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Previously breastfed | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Planning to breastfeed more than 6 months | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Delivery mode | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Epidural | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Recruitment site | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
Changed from beginning of study from "4-6 weeks weeks postpartum" to at "least 2 weeks postpartum." This change was decided after completing data collection for the following reasons:
|
| OG002 | Immediate: Implant Placed Within 24 Hours Postpartum -- Per Protocol | Immediate insertion in the first 24 hours after delivery ENG implant insertion Intervention. |
| OG003 | Standard: Implant Placed at Least 2 Weeks Postpartum -- Per Protocol | Changed from beginning of study from "4-6 weeks weeks postpartum" to at "least 2 weeks postpartum." This change was decided after completing data collection for the following reasons:
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exclusive Breastfeeding | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare exclusive breastfeeding through 6 months postpartum between the immediate versus the standard group. This will be assessed by answering a trichotomous question with the following statement: If you are currently breastfeeding, are you:
| Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Up to 24 weeks postpartum. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Factors Associated With Breastfeeding Discontinuation. | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare factors associated with discontinuing breastfeeding between the immediate versus the standard group. Subjects were asked to rate the importance of seven different factors independently, on a 4-item Likert scale from 0 = Not at all important, to 3 = Very important | Some subjects provided partial data or no data at all. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a Likert scale | Up to 24 weeks postpartum. |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Satisfaction With Postpartum Contraception Counseling | Person-Centered Contraceptive Counseling Measure (PCCC Measure) pcccmeasure.ucsf.edu Scale range:
Higher values represent higher satisfaction and patient-centeredness | Some subjects provided partial data or no data at all. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | At enrollment. |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Postpartum Mood | To compare postpartum mood as measured by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postpartum. Results reported as a total score ranging from 0-30, no subscale scores. A higher scale represents a worse outcome, ie. is more predictive of a depressive disorder including postpartum depression. | Some subjects provided partial data or no data at all. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | EPDS Score | At 2, 4, and 8 weeks postpartum. |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Sexual Function | To compare postpartum sexual function as measured by Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score. Minimum score 2, Maximum score 36. Subscales are combined by first totaling the scores for the individual questions in that domain (ex. for Desire, the sum of scores for questions 1 and 2). That total is then multiplied by the factor for that domain, which is listed in the table above. The output is the final score for that domain, and will fall within the minimum and maximum scores listed in the table above. For every domain, a lower score indicates either no sexual activity or negative outcomes in that domain, while a higher score indicates positive outcomes in that domain. | Some subjects provided partial data or no data at all. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | FSFI Score | At 4, 8, and 12 weeks postpartum |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Postpartum Bleeding Days | To compare the total number of days of postpartum bleeding in the immediate versus standard group. This is a secondary outcome for which analysis is ongoing. | Some subjects provided partial data: i.e. only provided responses for some days or no data at all. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Days with bleeding | At 2, 4, and 8 weeks postpartum. |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Satisfaction With the ENG Implant | Using a questionnaire the investigators seek to compare participant satisfaction with the ENG implant between the immediate versus the standard group. Scale: 0= Unsatisfied, 1=Satisfied, 2=Very satisfied | Some subjects provided partial data or no data at all. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | At 8 weeks postpartum |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Timing of Breastfeeding Discontinuation Through 24 Weeks Postpartum Between Immediate and Standard Groups. | To compare timing of breastfeeding discontinuation through 6 months postpartum between the immediate versus the standard group. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Up to 24 weeks postpartum |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 78 |
| 0 |
| 78 |
| 0 |
| 78 |
| EG001 | Standard Postpartum Insertion Group | Insertion of the Etonogestrel implant 4-6 weeks postpartum Intervention. Etonogestrel: Immediate v. Standard insertion. Nexplanon: Implant. | 1 | 72 | 0 | 72 | 0 | 72 |
Not provided
Not provided
| Baby got sick |
|
|
| I was sick |
|
|
| Provider said baby was underweight |
|
|
| Insufficient milk |
|
|
| I had trouble; breast issues |
|
|
| I quit breastfeeding; life issues |
|
|
| 0.786 |
| Other |
| I was sick | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.064 | Other |
| Provider said baby was underweight | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.044 | Other |
| Insufficient milk | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.666 | Other |
| I had trouble; breast issues | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.006 | Other |
| I quit breastfeeding; life issues | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.476 | Other |
| Letting me say what mattered to me about my birth control method |
|
|
| Taking my preferences about my birth control seriously |
|
|
| Giving me enough information to make the best decision about my birth control method |
|
|
| 0.808 |
| Other |
| Taking my preferences about my birth control seriously | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.967 | Other |
| Giving me enough information to make the best decision about my birth control method | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.826 | Other |
| 4 weeks postpartum |
|
|
| 8 weeks postpartum |
|
|
| 0.414 |
| Other |
| 8 weeks postpartum | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.482 | Other |
| 8 weeks postpartum |
|
|
| 12 weeks postpartum |
|
|
| 0.062 |
| Other |
| 12 weeks postpartum | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.705 | Other |
| 4 weeks postpartum |
|
|
| 8 weeks postpartum |
|
|
| 0.07 |
| Other |
| 8 weeks postpartum | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.36 | Other |