Bone density measurements were performed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Lumbar spine scan included L1 through L4 vertebrae. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis. A mixed effect model for repeated measurements (MMRM) was fitted to the changes from baseline in LS-BMD for all post-baseline time points up to Week 52. Values at Week 52 were estimated from the model and are presented in the table.

Per-Protocol Set (PPS) defined as participants who were randomized into TP1 and met the following criteria: the LS-BMD assessments at baseline and Week 52 are available, they received treatment according to protocol on Day 1 and Week 26 and they did not experience relevant protocol deviations which would affect LS-BMD up to Week 52.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. Lumbar spine scan included L1 through L4 vertebrae. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis. A MMRM was fitted to the changes from baseline in LS-BMD for all post-baseline time points up to Week 52. Missing values were assumed to be missing at random (MAR) using the MMRM model. Values at Week 52 were estimated from the model and are presented in the table.

TP1 Full Analysis Set (TP1 FAS) defined as participants who were randomized into TP1, who received at least one dose of study drug and for whom at least one post-baseline LS-BMD value (either at Week 26 or Week 52 or at both visits) is available.

Carboxy-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) is a bone resorption biomarker. Serum CTX concentration-time data were analyzed by non-compartmental methods. The AUEC of baseline corrected serum CTX concentrations (% change from baseline) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal method. Values below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were imputed with the actual value for the LLOQ.

Pharmacodynamic Analysis Set (PDS) defined as participants who were randomized into TP1 and met the following criteria: CTX values are available in order to be able to calculate AUEC, they received treatment according to protocol on Day 1 and they did not experience relevant protocol deviations.

Serum denosumab concentration-time data were analyzed by non-compartmental methods. Missing denosumab serum concentrations or concentrations below the LLOQ were not imputed and handled as missing values, except for the pre-dose sample which were treated as zero.

Participants in the Pharmacokinetic Analysis Set (PKS) who had valid assessments of Cmax. The PKS is defined as participants who were randomized into TP1 and met the following criteria: at least one PK primary endpoint (Cmax or AUCinf) is evaluable, they received treatment according to protocol on Day 1 and they did not experience relevant protocol deviations.

Serum denosumab concentration-time data were analyzed by non-compartmental methods. Missing denosumab serum concentrations or concentrations below the LLOQ were not imputed and handled as missing values, except for the pre-dose sample which were treated as zero. The linear-up log-down trapezoidal method was used for the AUCinf calculation.

Participants in the Pharmacokinetic Analysis Set (PKS) who had valid assessments of AUCinf. The PKS is defined as participants who were randomized into TP1 and met the following criteria: at least one PK primary endpoint (Cmax or AUCinf) is evaluable, they received treatment according to protocol on Day 1 and they did not experience relevant protocol deviations.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. Lumbar spine scan included L1 through L4 vertebrae. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

Participants in the Per-Protocol Set (PPS) who had valid assessments of the outcome measure at both baseline and Week 26.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. Lumbar spine scan included L1 through L4 vertebrae. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

Participants in the TP1 Full Analysis Set (TP1 FAS) who had valid assessments of the outcome measure at both baseline and Week 26.

Bone density measurement were performed by DXA. Lumbar spine scan included L1 through L4 vertebrae. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

Participants in the TP2 Full Analysis Set (TP2 FAS) who had valid assessments of the outcome measure at both baseline and Week 78. TP2 FAS is defined as participants who were re-randomized into TP2 and for whom at least one TP2 efficacy, pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics value is available.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. For proximal femur, the left side was to be used for all DXA scans at all study visits. If the right side had to be used (e.g., due to implants) or was inadvertently used at baseline, then it was to be used consistently throughout the study. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the Per-Protocol Set (PPS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at baseline and at the corresponding time point.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. For proximal femur, the left side was to be used for all DXA scans at all study visits. If the right side had to be used (e.g., due to implants) or was inadvertently used at baseline, then it was to be used consistently throughout the study. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the TP1 Full Analysis Set (TP1 FAS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at baseline and at the corresponding time point.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. For proximal femur, the left side was to be used for all DXA scans at all study visits. If the right side had to be used (e.g., due to implants) or was inadvertently used at baseline, then it was to be used consistently throughout the study. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

Participants in the TP2 Full Analysis Set (TP2 FAS) who had valid assessments of the outcome measure at both baseline and Week 78.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. For total hip, the left side was to be used for all DXA scans at all study visits. If the right side had to be used (e.g., due to implants) or was inadvertently used at baseline, then it was to be used consistently throughout the study. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the Per-Protocol Set (PPS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at baseline and at the corresponding time point.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. For total hip, the left side was to be used for all DXA scans at all study visits. If the right side had to be used (e.g., due to implants) or was inadvertently used at baseline, then it was to be used consistently throughout the study. All DXA scans were submitted to a central imaging vendor for analysis.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the TP1 Full Analysis Set (TP1 FAS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at baseline and at the corresponding time point.

Bone density measurements were performed by DXA. For total hip, the left side was to be used for all DXA scans at all study visits. If the right side had to be used (e.g., due to implants) or was inadvertently used at baseline, then it was to be used consistently throughout the study.

Participants in the TP2 Full Analysis Set (TP2 FAS) who had valid assessments of the outcome measure at both baseline and Week 78.

CTX is a bone resorption biomarker. Serum samples were analyzed for CTX concentrations. CTX serum concentrations were determined by a validated ligand-binding immunoassay. Values below the LLOQ were imputed with the actual value for the LLOQ.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the Pharmacodynamic Analysis Set (PDS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at the corresponding time point.

CTX is a bone resorption biomarker. Serum samples were analyzed for CTX concentrations. CTX serum concentrations were determined by a validated ligand-binding immunoassay. Values below the LLOQ were imputed with the actual value for the LLOQ.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the TP2 Full Analysis Set (TP2 FAS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at the corresponding time point.

Procollagen I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) is a bone formation biomarker. Serum samples were analyzed for PINP concentrations. PINP serum concentrations were determined by a validated ligand-binding immunoassay. Values below the LLOQ were imputed with the actual value for the LLOQ.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the Pharmacodynamic Analysis Set (PDS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at the corresponding time point.

PINP is a bone formation biomarker. Serum samples were analyzed for PINP concentrations. PINP serum concentrations were determined by a validated ligand-binding immunoassay. Values below the LLOQ were imputed with the actual value for the LLOQ.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the TP2 Full Analysis Set (TP2 FAS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at the corresponding time point.

Number of participants with TEAEs and serious TEAEs, including changes from baseline in vital signs, electrocardiograms and laboratory results qualifying and reported as AEs during Treatment Period 1.

The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

TP1 Safety Analysis Set defined as participants who received at least one dose of study drug in Treatment Period 1.

Number of participants with TEAEs and serious TEAEs, including changes from baseline in vital signs, electrocardiograms and laboratory results qualifying and reported as AEs during Treatment Period 2.

The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

TP2 Safety Analysis Set defined as participants who received at least one dose of study drug in Treatment Period 2.

Vertebral fractures were assessed by independent radiologists at the central imaging vendor. The radiologists assessed lateral thoracic (vertebrae T4 to T12) and lumbar (vertebrae L1 to L4) spine radiographs for vertebral fractures. New and worsening vertebral fractures are defined as occurrence of new fracture (i.e. change in Genant score from 0 at baseline to 1 or higher at a later time point) or worsening fracture (i.e. increase in Genant score from baseline at a later time point) in any assessed vertebra. The Genant classification of vertebral fractures is based on the vertebral shape, with respect to vertebral height loss involving the anterior, posterior, and/or middle vertebral body and ranges between 0 (normal) and 3 (severe fracture, >40% loss of height).

The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP1 Safety Analysis Set

Vertebral fractures were assessed by independent radiologists at the central imaging vendor. The radiologists assessed lateral thoracic (vertebrae T4 to T12) and lumbar (vertebrae L1 to L4) spine radiographs for vertebral fractures. New and worsening vertebral fractures are defined as occurrence of new fracture (i.e. change in Genant score from 0 at Week 52 to 1 or higher at a later time point) or worsening fracture (i.e. increase in Genant score from Week 52 at a later time point) in any assessed vertebra. The Genant classification of vertebral fractures is based on the vertebral shape, with respect to vertebral height loss involving the anterior, posterior, and/or middle vertebral body and ranges between 0 (normal) and 3 (severe fracture, >40% loss of height).

The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP2 Safety Analysis Set

Information about any nonvertebral fractures while on study were recorded as adverse events. The diagnosis of nonvertebral fractures did not require central X-ray reading and was based on local radiology reports.

The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP1 Safety Analysis Set

Information about any nonvertebral fractures while on study were recorded as adverse events. The diagnosis of nonvertebral fractures did not require central X-ray reading and was based on local radiology reports.

The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP2 Safety Analysis Set

The injection site reaction (ISR) assessment was done by the investigator/designee. It consisted of grading the severity of each injection reaction based on criteria the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. The ISR grading was defined as follows:

• Grade 1: Tenderness with or without associated symptoms (e.g., warmth, erythema, itching)
• Grade 2: Pain; lipodystrophy; edema; phlebitis
• Grade 3: Ulceration or necrosis; severe tissue damage; operative intervention indicated
• Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP1 Safety Analysis Set

The injection site reaction (ISR) assessment was done by the investigator/designee. It consisted of grading the severity of each injection reaction based on criteria the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. The ISR grading was defined as follows:

• Grade 1: Tenderness with or without associated symptoms (e.g., warmth, erythema, itching)
• Grade 2: Pain; lipodystrophy; edema; phlebitis
• Grade 3: Ulceration or necrosis; severe tissue damage; operative intervention indicated
• Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP2 Safety Analysis Set

Immunogenicity was evaluated in serum. Samples were screened for potential anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and positive screen results were confirmed using a confirmatory assay. For confirmed ADA positive samples, titers were determined. Confirmed ADAs were also analyzed for their neutralization potential. Patient ADA status was defined as follows:

• ADA Positive: ADA-positive sample at any time point during TP1
• ADA Positive, Persistent: 'Persistent' indicates a subject experiencing a positive ADA result at the final visit and with at least 2 consecutive positive ADA results
• ADA Positive, Transient: 'Transient' indicates a subject experiencing positive ADA result but not qualifying as 'Persistent'
• ADA titer positive: ADA-positive sample with a titer result ≥ 20 ng/mL
• NAb Positive: ADA-positive sample with presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP1 Safety Analysis Set

Immunogenicity was evaluated in serum. Samples were screened for potential anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and positive screen results were confirmed using a confirmatory assay. For confirmed ADA positive samples, titers were determined. Confirmed ADAs were also analyzed for their neutralization potential. Patient ADA status was defined as follows:

• ADA Positive: ADA-positive sample at any time point during TP1
• ADA Positive, Persistent: 'Persistent' indicates a subject experiencing a positive ADA result at the final visit and with at least 2 consecutive positive ADA results
• ADA Positive, Transient: 'Transient' indicates a subject experiencing positive ADA result but not qualifying as 'Persistent'
• ADA titer positive: ADA-positive sample with a titer result ≥ 20 ng/mL
• NAb Positive: ADA-positive sample with presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) The number of participants in each category is reported in the table.

All participants in the TP2 Safety Analysis Set

Serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of free denosumab by using a validated ligand binding assay. Briefly, the concentration of free denosumab was determined by binding to coated ligand molecules.

Denosumab concentrations below the LLOQ were set to zero in order to calculate arithmetic means.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the Pharmacokinetic Analysis Set (PKS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at the corresponding time point.

Serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of free denosumab by using a validated ligand binding assay. Briefly, the concentration of free denosumab was determined by binding to coated ligand molecules.

Denosumab concentrations below the LLOQ were set to zero in order to calculate arithmetic means.

The overall number of participants analyzed represents the TP2 Full Analysis Set (TP2 FAS). The number analyzed per row represents participants with data at the corresponding time point.