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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Hacettepe University | OTHER |
| Turkey Council of Higher Education Teaching Stuff Training Program | UNKNOWN |
| Ege University | OTHER |
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Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders which increases the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In recent years, research has shown that probiotics may have positive effects on metabolic syndrome components. Although several health-promoting effects of kefir, have been suggested, there is limited evidence for its potential effect on metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the effects of kefir on metabolic disorders including obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. To address the research gap, this study aimed to investigate the effects of daily kefir consumption on metabolic syndrome components, inflammatory response and gut microbiota composition in adults with MetS. The study was planned as a randomized, controlled, parallel design and completed with a total of 62 individuals who were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Participants were randomized into two groups and received daily 180 ml of kefir (n=31) or milk (as control) (n=31) for 12 weeks. Participants were assessed at baseline, week 4, week 8, and week 12 and at all controls dietary records, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples were collected. At baseline and 12th-week fecal samples were also collected in order to analyze gut microbiota composition.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kefir Group | Experimental | Kefir group received one bottle of kefir (180 ml) daily for 12 weeks. Microbial composition of the kefir included Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris, Lactobacillus kefyr, Kliyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomyces unisporus. |
|
| Control Group | Placebo Comparator | Control group received one bottle of milk (180 ml) daily for 12 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kefir | Dietary Supplement |
| ||
| Milk |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in lipid profile | Measurement of lipid profile (HDL cholesterol, triglyceride levels) | baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| Changes in glycemic profile | Measurement of fasting glucose, insulin, and calculation of HOMA-IR | baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| Changes in gut microbiota | Determine the profile of gut flora (% abundance of various bacterial phyla, families, genera and species) | week 0- week 12 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Inflammatory Parametres | Measurement of serum cytokines levels (high sensitive serum C- reactive protein ,TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 ve IFN-γ) | baseline and week 12 |
| Changes in serum cholesterol levels |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35405603 | Derived | Bellikci-Koyu E, Sarer-Yurekli BP, Karagozlu C, Aydin-Kose F, Ozgen AG, Buyuktuncer Z. Probiotic kefir consumption improves serum apolipoprotein A1 levels in metabolic syndrome patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nutr Res. 2022 Jun;102:59-70. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.02.006. Epub 2022 Mar 7. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D024821 | Metabolic Syndrome |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| D006949 | Hyperlipidemias |
| D007333 | Insulin Resistance |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006946 | Hyperinsulinism |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000070716 | Kefir |
| D008892 | Milk |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000088082 | Fermented Beverages |
| D001628 | Beverages |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
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There were two experimental groups. The kefir group, that received orally kefir, and the control group received milk
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|
Measurement of total cholesterol and its fractions (mg/dl)
| baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| Changes in triglycerides | Measurement of serum triglyceride (mg/dl) | baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| Changes in lipoproteins | Measurement of lipoproteins (mg/dl) (apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein (a)) | baseline and week 12 |
| Changes in homocysteine | Measurement of homocysteine (umol/L) | baseline and week 12 |
| Changes in glycated hemoglobin | Measurement of HbA1c (%) | baseline and week 12 |
| Changes in blood pressure | Measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| Changes in waist circumference | Measurement of waist circumference (cm) | baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| Changes in Body Fat | Measurement of % body fat with BIA | baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| Changes in BMI | weight and height will be measured to report BMI in kg/m2 | baseline, week 4, week 8 and week 12 |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D050171 | Dyslipidemias |
| D052439 | Lipid Metabolism Disorders |
| D043302 |
| Cultured Milk Products |
| D000074421 | Fermented Foods |
| D003611 | Dairy Products |
| D005502 | Food |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |