The mean number of pharmacy claims for opioids and NSAIDs during the post-index period are reported. A pharmacy claim was defined as a claim made by participants to their insurance provider in purchasing opioids and NSAIDs from the pharmacy.

Mean number of days from the index date to the first opioid and NSAIDs claim during post index period are reported.

Number of participants who used opioids and NSAIDs during tofacitinib persistency and post-persistency are reported. Persistence with the index medication was defined as not having a gap in therapy of at least 60 days between fills/infusions.

The number of participants who used at least 1 oral corticosteroid during the 12 months post-index period are reported.

Non-persistence was defined as the gap of at least 60 days in treatment with the index medication or switching to other biologic.

Participants were classified as switched immediately if they initiated a non-index bDMARD before a 60-day gap in index medication treatment.

Participants were classified as discontinued and then restarted index medication if there was a gap in the index therapy of at least 60 days and the first medication observed after the gap was the index medication.

Participants were classified as discontinued and then switched from index medication if there was a gap in the index therapy of at least 60 days and the first medication observed after the gap was a bDMARD (including tofacitinib) different from index medication.

Participants were classified as discontinued without switching or restarting index medication if they had a gap in therapy of at least 60 days and there were no claims for either the index medication or a different bDMARD for the remainder of the follow-up period.

Number of participants who switched from index medication to a biologic at any time during post-index period are reported.

Participants who had a claim for the index medication any time after they were considered non-persistent with the index treatment (i.e, including after switching) during the 12-month follow-up are reported. Non-persistence was defined as the gap of at least 60 days in treatment with the index medication or switching to other biologic.

MPR was calculated as the total days supply of methotrexate between the first and including the last prescription/administration divided by the time between the first through and including last biologic prescription/administration days supply.

The PDC was calculated based on total days supply over the 12 months follow-up. The PDC was calculated by using the date of service and the day supply for each fill of the index medication.

Participants with monotherapy who used additional csDMARD during post index period are reported.

Adherence was calculated as the total day supply for csDMARDs divided by the number of days from the first claim during the follow-up until the end of the follow-up.

Adherence criteria: PDC >=0.8, proportion of days of supply during post-index period of 12 months.Dose escalation criteria: no increase in dose for index drug compared to starting dose during post-index period. Switch criteria: no switching from index drug to (different) biologic agent during post-index period. DMARD criteria: no addition of new csDMARD to index drug during post-index period. Oral glucocorticoid criteria: Participants with no claims for oral glucocorticoids in 6 months pre-index cannot receive oral glucocorticoids for greater than (>)30 days between (index date +91 days) to (index date + 365 days); or participants with claims for oral glucocorticoids in 6 months pre-index no increase in oral glucocorticoid dose during months 6-12 post-index.Injectable glucocorticoid criteria: at most 1 parenteral or intra-articular glucocorticoid joint injection on unique days after participant had been on bDMARD treatment for >3 months between (index date + 91) to (index date + 365).

All cause inpatient visits costs, outpatient visits costs and emergency room visits costs during 12 months post index period are reported. Inpatient visit costs consisted of expenses during hospital visit for formal admission. Outpatient visit costs consisted of expenses when participants visited hospital but not for formal admission. Emergency room visit costs consisted of expenses during visit to hospital emergency room.

RA related inpatient visit costs consisted of expenses during hospital visits for formal admission for RA. Outpatient visit costs consisted of expenses when participants visited hospital but not for formal admission for RA. ER visit costs consisted of expenses during visit to ER of hospital for RA.

All cause total health care costs, medical costs, pharmacy costs during 12 months post-index period are reported. All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs).

RA related total health care costs, medical costs, pharmacy costs during 12 months post-index period are reported. RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs).

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 1 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 2 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 3 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 4 of post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 5 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 6 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 7 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 8 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 9 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 10 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 11 post-index date.

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 12 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 1 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measurec RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 2 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 3 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 4 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 5 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 6 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 7 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 8 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 9 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 10 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 11 post-index date.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this outcome measure RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for Month 12 post-index date.

Participants who started treatment with adalimumab (tumor-necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor [TNFI]) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with certolizumab pegol (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with etanercept (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with infliximab (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with golimumab (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with rituximab (non-TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with tocilizumab (non-TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with abatacept (non-TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Total of all reporting groups

Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.

bDMARDs included: Tumor-necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (TNFi) [adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, infliximab] and non-TNFi's [abatacept, rituximab and tocilizumab].

Biologic DMARDs included: Tumor-necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (TNFi) [adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, infliximab] and non-TNFi's [abatacept, rituximab and tocilizumab].

In this baseline measure mean of number of conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) used during 12 months pre-index period is reported.

In this baseline measure mean of number of conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) used during the variable length pre-index period is reported.

The mean Quan-Charlson Comorbidity score during pre-index baseline period is reported. Quan-Charlson Comorbidity score predicts probability of death within one year in participants and was based on presence of any diagnosis codes on medical claims at any time during the 12-months pre-index baseline period, based on the international classification of diseases (ICD) diagnosis codes. Total score ranges from 0 to 9.0. A score of 0 indicated that no comorbidities were found. The higher the score, the more likely predicted outcome could result in mortality or higher healthcare resource utilization.

Number of participants for each of the most commonly used medications during the 12 months pre-index baseline period are reported.

Number of participants who used at least one opioid or NSAID during pre-index period are reported.

The mean number of pharmacy claims for opioids and NSAIDs during the pre-index period are reported. A pharmacy claim was defined as a claim made by participants to their insurance provider in purchasing opioids and NSAIDs from the pharmacy.

Here, "overall number of participants analyzed" signifies participants evaluable for this baseline measure.

In this baseline measure mean of number of visits made by participants to rheumatologist during 12 months pre-index period is reported.

In this baseline measure mean of number of visits made by participants to rheumatologist during variable length pre-index period is reported.

Disease duration was defined as the number of days from the first recorded date of diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis to the date of the index day.

In this baseline measure out of pocket medical care expenses not reimbursed by insurance during 12 months pre-index period is reported.

In this baseline measure out of pocket medical care expenses not reimbursed by insurance during variable length pre-index period is reported.

The comorbidities of interest included cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), asthma, kidney disease, diabetes, depression, anxiety, liver disease, sleep disorders, hypertension, hyperlipidemia. A participant could have greater than (>) 1 comorbidity of interest. Pre-index baseline period was the 12 month duration before the index date. The index date was the date of the first claim for bDMARDs or tofacitinib during the identification period.

All cause inpatient visit costs consisted of expenses during hospital visit for formal admission. Outpatient visit costs consisted of expenses when participants visited hospital but not for formal admission. Emergency room (ER) visit costs consisted of expenses during visit to hospital emergency room.

RA related inpatient visit costs consisted of expenses during hospital visits for formal admission for RA. Outpatient visit costs consisted of expenses when participants visited hospital but not for formal admission for RA. ER visit costs consisted of expenses during visit to ER of hospital for RA.

All cause total health care costs, medical costs, pharmacy costs during 12 months pre-index period are reported. All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs).

RA related total health care costs, medical costs, pharmacy costs during 12 months pre-index period are reported. RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs).

All cause refers to cost spent due to all comorbidities including RA. Total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this baseline characteristic total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for each month of pre-index baseline period.

RA related total health care cost was calculated as the total of pharmacy cost (home healthcare cost, urgent care cost and other medical services costs) and medical cost (ambulatory cost, emergency department visits cost, inpatient admission cost and other costs). In this baseline characteristic RA related total all cause health care cost in dollars is reported for each month of pre-index baseline period.

Participants who started treatment with immediate-release (IR) tofacitinib during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with adalimumab (tumor-necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor [TNFI]) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with certolizumab pegol (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with etanercept (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with infliximab (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with golimumab (TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with rituximab (non-TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with tocilizumab (non-TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Participants who started treatment with abatacept (non-TNFI) during identification period were included in this arm.

Number of participants with most commonly used medications use during 12 months post index period are reported. The 25 most medications: 1) methotrexate sodium, 2) prednisone, 3) folic acid, 4) adalimumab, 5) etanercept, 6) acetaminophen/hydrocodone bitartrate, 7) hydroxychloroquine sulfate, 8) azithromycin, 9) levothyroxine sodium, 10) tramadol hydrochloride, 11) methylprednisolone, 12) gabapentin, 13) albuterol sulfate, 14) amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, 15) omeprazole, 16) amoxicillin, 17) meloxicam, 18) tofacitinib citrate, 19) fluticasone propionate, 20) cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, 21) diclofenac sodium, 22) duloxetine hydrochloride, 23) atorvastatin calcium, 24) leflunomide, 25) fluconazole. A participant could have received >=1 most common medication.

Analysis was performed on all participants included in the study.

Number of participants who used at least 1 opioid and NSAID during post-index period are reported.

Analysis was performed on all participants included in the study.

The mean number of pharmacy claims for opioids and NSAIDs during the post-index period are reported. A pharmacy claim was defined as a claim made by participants to their insurance provider in purchasing opioids and NSAIDs from the pharmacy.

Analysis was performed on all participants included in the study. Here, "overall number of participants analyzed" signifies participants evaluable for this outcome measure.