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Acute postoperative pain is a common problem faced by the patient after surgery, most frequently occurring in first 24 hours. Our primary objective was to assess pain score in first 24 hours in PECS block group undergoing mastectomies. Secondary objective was to observe morphine (opioids) and antiemetic consumption in post anesthetic care unit.
Design: Observer Blinded Randomized control trial.
Place and Duration: Department of Anesthesiology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital Lahore (SKMCH), from February 2017 to December 2017
Methods: 120 patients more than 18 years, ASA I and II, planned for unilateral elective modified radical mastectomy under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive either general anesthesia plus Pectoral Nerve I, II and serratus (PECS) block (n = 60) or general anesthesia alone (n = 60). Pain score at fixed intervals was measured using Numeric Pain Rating Score (NPRS) after surgery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| PECS block group | Experimental | 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was infiltrated between pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscle and the spread was visualised on the ultrasound screen. similarly, in Serratus plane block, ultrasound probe was placed over the mid-axillary region of the thoracic cage in a sagittal plane. Ribs were identified inferiorly and laterally, until the identification of the 3rd rib in the mid axillary line. 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was infiltrated in between Serratus anterior muscle and Latissimus Dorsi muscle |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | Patient were given multimodal analgesia without the regional block |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PECS block | Procedure | After the induction of general anesthesia, PECS block was administered patients via ultrasound guided technique. We used Mindray M7 Portable ultrasound system using linear probe with (5-10 MHz) frequency. After cleaning the infra clavicular and axillary region with 2% chlorhexidine in 70% Alcohol solution, ultrasound probe was placed in the infraclavicular region and pectoral major and minor were identified. After identification of the landmarks, 20 gauge 50mm Visoplex needle was inserted in-plane direction. 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine (within the safe limit of its dose) was infiltrated between pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscle and the spread was visualized on the ultrasound screen. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Pain score over 24 hours | Patient's pain intensity was assessed using NPRS (Numeric Pain scoring system). Pain score was assessed at the time of arrival at PACU (0 minute) and then at 30 minutes after surgery and at discharge from PACU. Pain score was then assessed at the surgical floor at 6hours, 12hours and 24hours. | First 24 hrs |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Post operative morphine (opioids) consumption in PACU | If the NPRS score was 3 or more, rescue analgesic dose of 1.5 mg of morphine was administered slowly through the IV route and the pain score was reassessed after 15 minutes. If the pain score was still more than 3, additional dose of 1.5 mg morphine was given. This cycle continued till pain resolved. | first 24 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Female patient's diagnosed with breast cancer, undergoing mastectomy
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center | Lahore | Punjab Province | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26056679 | Background | Menhas R, Umer S. Breast Cancer among Pakistani Women. Iran J Public Health. 2015 Apr;44(4):586-7. No abstract available. | |
| 25220842 | Background | Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015 Mar 1;136(5):E359-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210. Epub 2014 Oct 9. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001943 | Breast Neoplasms |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009371 | Neoplasms by Site |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
| D001941 | Breast Diseases |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
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Registered pain nurse
|
| Antiemetic consumption for treatment of PONV | The incidence of PONV was assessed using a 5-point scale (4-0), where 4 was equivalent to vomiting more than once, 3 was equivalent to one episode of vomit, 2 was equivalent to severe nausea, 1 was equivalent to mild nausea and 0 being no nausea. If the PONV score was more than 2, ondansetron 2 mg IV was administered to treat nausea and vomiting | 120 minutes |
| 26176893 | Background | Andersen KG, Duriaud HM, Jensen HE, Kroman N, Kehlet H. Predictive factors for the development of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery. Pain. 2015 Dec;156(12):2413-2422. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000298. |
| 29062649 | Background | Afonso AM, Newman MI, Seeley N, Hutchins J, Smith KL, Mena G, Selber JC, Saint-Cyr MH, Gadsden JC. Multimodal Analgesia in Breast Surgical Procedures: Technical and Pharmacological Considerations for Liposomal Bupivacaine Use. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017 Sep 15;5(9):e1480. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001480. eCollection 2017 Sep. |
| 23606468 | Background | Richebe P, Rivat C, Liu SS. Perioperative or postoperative nerve block for preventive analgesia: should we care about the timing of our regional anesthesia? Anesth Analg. 2013 May;116(5):969-970. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843c9. No abstract available. |
| 29980005 | Background | Gurkan Y, Aksu C, Kus A, Yorukoglu UH, Kilic CT. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block reduces postoperative opioid consumption following breast surgery: A randomized controlled study. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Nov;50:65-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.06.033. Epub 2018 Jul 2. |
| 28890559 | Background | Syal K, Chandel A. Comparison of the post-operative analgesic effect of paravertebral block, pectoral nerve block and local infiltration in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy: A randomised double-blind trial. Indian J Anaesth. 2017 Aug;61(8):643-648. doi: 10.4103/ija.IJA_81_17. |
| 21831090 | Background | Blanco R. The 'pecs block': a novel technique for providing analgesia after breast surgery. Anaesthesia. 2011 Sep;66(9):847-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06838.x. No abstract available. |
| 22939099 | Background | Blanco R, Fajardo M, Parras Maldonado T. Ultrasound description of Pecs II (modified Pecs I): a novel approach to breast surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2012 Nov;59(9):470-5. doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2012.07.003. Epub 2012 Aug 29. |
| 22125052 | Background | Porzionato A, Macchi V, Stecco C, Loukas M, Tubbs RS, De Caro R. Surgical anatomy of the pectoral nerves and the pectoral musculature. Clin Anat. 2012 Jul;25(5):559-75. doi: 10.1002/ca.21301. Epub 2011 Nov 28. |
| 24492959 | Background | Ullah H, Samad K, Khan FA. Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block versus parenteral analgesia for postoperative pain relief after major shoulder surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 4;2014(2):CD007080. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007080.pub2. |
| 26878503 | Background | Akram M, Farooqi FM, Irshad M, Faraz Ul Hassan S, Awais SM. Role of addition of Dexamethasone and Ketorolac to lignocaine intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier's Block) to improve tourniquet tolerance and post-operative analgesia in hand and forearm surgery. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015 Nov;65(11 Suppl 3):S128-31. |
| 30465369 | Background | Shah AA, Rasool A, Alam MA, Naseem Y, Rasool M, Hussain A, Jadoon S, Shah EH, Malik AA, Ahmed N; Salahudin. Efficacy Of Phenylephrine Infusion Verses Colloid Preloading In Resolving Hypotension Due To Spinal Anaesthesia During Caesarean Section. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2018 Jul-Sep;30(3):377-380. |
| 30386013 | Background | Thomas M, Philip FA, Mathew AP, Jagathnath Krishna KM. Intraoperative pectoral nerve block (Pec) for breast cancer surgery: A randomized controlled trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Jul-Sep;34(3):318-323. doi: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_191_17. |
| 26000690 | Background | Madabushi R, Tewari S, Gautam SK, Agarwal A, Agarwal A. Serratus anterior plane block: a new analgesic technique for post-thoracotomy pain. Pain Physician. 2015 May-Jun;18(3):E421-4. |
| 24032664 | Background | Tighe SQ, Karmakar MK. Serratus plane block: do we need to learn another technique for thoracic wall blockade? Anaesthesia. 2013 Nov;68(11):1103-6. doi: 10.1111/anae.12423. Epub 2013 Sep 14. No abstract available. |
| 14649342 | Background | Naja MZ, Ziade MF, Lonnqvist PA. Nerve-stimulator guided paravertebral blockade vs. general anaesthesia for breast surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2003 Nov;20(11):897-903. doi: 10.1017/s0265021503001443. |
| 11812698 | Background | Terheggen MA, Wille F, Borel Rinkes IH, Ionescu TI, Knape JT. Paravertebral blockade for minor breast surgery. Anesth Analg. 2002 Feb;94(2):355-9, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200202000-00023. |
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| 7573876 | Background | Lonnqvist PA, MacKenzie J, Soni AK, Conacher ID. Paravertebral blockade. Failure rate and complications. Anaesthesia. 1995 Sep;50(9):813-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb06148.x. |
| D017437 |
| Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |