All participants in this condition will complete all measures online at four different points in time, including one narrative response at T1. They will also be instructed to complete a mindfulness intervention at home and respond to diary-type text messaging questions (all including questions about pain) twice daily for six days.

All participants in this condition will complete all measures online at four different points in time, including one narrative response at T1. They will also be instructed to respond to diary-type text messaging questions (some related to pain) twice daily for six days.

All participants in this condition will complete all measures online at four different points in time, including one narrative response at T1. They will also be instructed to respond to diary-type text messaging questions (none about pain) twice daily for six days.

Those in the "high mindfulness" group will also receive questions about their current pain intensity and unpleasantness in both the morning and evening for six days. In order to emphasize the variability in pain, participants will receive these text messages on a variable schedule. In addition, they will sent instructions every morning to pay attention to variability in their pain throughout the day and asked to report on how their pain is changing over time as a part of each text message prompt.

The objective of the measure is to assess new pain believes. The scale includes 16 questions, each ranging from -2 to 2, with -2 being 'Strongly Disagree' and 2 being 'Strongly Agree.' There is no zero point on the scale. The 16-question measure includes four subscales, each containing four items. The subscales (Pain as Mystery, Pain as Constant, Pain as Permanent and Self-Blame) are scored individually by adding the score for each of the four items within a subscale together and then dividing that number by four. The subtotal for each one is then added to the others for a total scale score. Five items are reverse-scores, two of which are in the Pain as Constant subscale and the other three of which are in the Pain as Permanent Subscale. Final scores can range from -8 to 8.

The objective of the assessment is to measure health-related control beliefs in individuals with an current medical condition, such that scoring indicate the degree to which an individual believes their health is under their control versus the control of others or external forces. The scale includes 18 items, each ranging from 1-6, with 1 being 'Strongly Disagree' and 6 being 'Strongly Agree'. The scale includes four subscales including Internal, Chance, Doctors, and Other People. To determine overall scale score, sum all items from all subscales together for a final score between 18 and 108.

9-item scale measures pain severity and impact of pain on functional health. First item asks whether they have pain other than 'everyday' pain today (yes/No). Second question provides diagram of a person, asking one to point to pain and most pain. Next four items ask one to rate the worst, least, average and current pain over past 24 hours on a scale from 0 (No Pain)-10 (Pain As Bad As You Can Imagine). Item 7 asks about current pain treatments. Item 8 asks about % relief pain treatments provided over last 24 hours. %'s range from 0 (No Relief) to 100 (Complete Relief). Last item asks one to indicate pain interfering with 'General Activity,' 'Mood,' 'Walking ability,' 'Normal work,' 'Relations with other people,' 'Sleep,' and 'Enjoyment of life' over past 24 hours. Scales range from 0 (Does Not Interfere) to 10 (Completely Interferes). A mean composite score of items 3-6 yields pain severity. Other items are to be individually interpreted.

The objective of the assessment is to measure catastrophic thinking related to pain. The tool asks individuals to endorse the degree to which they identified with certain thoughts or emotions surrounding their previous experiences of pain. The measure includes 13 items asking participants to rate their responses on a five-point likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (all the time). The measure consists of three subscales, including 'Rumination', 'Magnification' and 'Helplessness.' To score the measure, one is to sum up each of the subscales and then calculate the sum of the three subscales together. The subscales can also be individually interpreted.