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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Medical Research Council | OTHER_GOV |
| Chiang Mai University | OTHER |
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Type 2 diabetes is amongst the foremost challenges facing policy makers in Thailand, accounting for considerable death, disability and healthcare expenditure. Under Thailand's strong primary health system, medical management of diabetes is widely available. However, control of blood glucose and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, and regular screening for early detection of complications remain low due to a lack of services for education and counselling to support behavioural changes necessary for good self-management of the condition. A substantial literature documents the effectiveness of Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) programs for improving diabetes outcomes, although little high-quality data are available in Thailand, and traditional delivery models (health-professional led one-to-one or small-group sessions) are unlikely to be scalable in Thailand given current human resource and budgetary constraints. Thus, a low-cost DSME program will be developed with a scalable delivery model for roll-out within the Thai primary care system. The intervention will be based on behaviour-change and social support theories, delivered in monthly group meetings by lay health workers or nurses, and aided by a suite of short films to introduce key topics and stimulate discussion. 21 primary care units will be randomised to offer to those with diabetes diagnosed within the first three years. DSME will be delivered by lay health workers, nurses (for comparative effectiveness), or usual care. After 12 months, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk scores will be compared between the three arms. Cost-effectiveness will be assessed, also process and policy evaluations to produce best-buy recommendations for the Thai Ministry of Public Health.
The health and economic consequences of Type 2 diabetes mellitus are largely attributable to its complications, which can be prevented or delayed by good disease control, achieved through medical care and self-management. Diabetes Self- Management Education (DSME) programs are effective and cost-effective, and part of standard care in high-income countries, but are unavailable in Thai healthcare system, despite universal coverage of medical aspects of diabetes care. Negative perceptions of educational programs, sustained by a lack of high-quality local data, and concerns about burden on existing staff time and costs are thought to be responsible.
Given the focus on community-based education for chronic diseases in recent primary healthcare reforms, it is timely to scale-up DSME in Thailand, if an affordable model of delivery for a locally-tailored intervention can be found. The aim is to work in close collaboration with the Thai Ministry of Public Health to develop, pilot and evaluate a peer-based DSME program and delivery model. A final list of policy recommendations for optimal integration into the Thai healthcare system will be produced.
The aim is to identify a scalable model for delivery of DSME across Thailand.
Specific project objectives are:
The primary hypothesis is that either model of DSME delivery will be effective and cost-effective, but the peer-led model will be a more scalable option for the Thai health system.
The two key research gaps in scientific literature that will be addressed are:
The main expected outcomes are:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| DSME program delivered by community health volunteers | Active Comparator | Randomisation will happen in 21 primary care units to offer DSME delivered by lay health workers to those newly diagnosed with diabetes and those having difficulties with self-managing their diabetes. |
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| DSME program delivered by nurses | Active Comparator | Randomisation will happen in 21 primary care units to offer DSME delivered by nurses (for comparative effectiveness) to those newly diagnosed with diabetes and those having difficulties with self-managing their diabetes. |
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| Usual care(no DSME program) | No Intervention | Randomisation will happen in 21 primary care units where no DSME will be offered to those newly diagnosed with diabetes and/or those having difficulties with self-managing their diabetes.These patients will continue with usual care and will be assessed as the control group. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A low-cost DSME program and scalable delivery model for roll-out within the Thai primary care system | Behavioral | The intervention will be based on behaviour-change and social support theories, delivered in monthly group meetings by lay health workers or nurses, and aided by a suite of short films to introduce key topics and stimulate discussion. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin A1c levels (HbA1c) | HbA1c will measures the average blood glucose (sugar) levels months | 12 months |
| Total cardiovascular risk | The cardiovascular risk will be estimated by Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation. (SCORE) model. This is a range from 120 to 180 measuring systolic blood pressure (mmHq). | 12 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| EQ-5D | Quality of Life measure that will also assess cost-effectiveness. Includes five quality of life question on mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain, anxiety / depression and a scale of 0 to 100 on how the person is feeling on that day. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and extreme problems. The respondent is asked to indicate his/her health state by ticking in the box against the most appropriate statement in each of the 5 dimensions. This decision results in a 1-digit number expressing the level selected for that dimension. The digits for 5 dimensions can be combined in a 5-digit number describing the respondent's health state. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Smoking | Assessing the number of cigarettes smoked through four set questions. Do you currently use tobacco? 0 1 Yes, on a regular basis Number per day: ____________ 02 Yes, but only once in a while 03 Not anymore, I quit 04 No, I have never used tobacco | 12 months |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iliatha Papachristou Nadal, PhD, Psychol | Contact | 020 7927 2198 | 2198 | iliatha.papachristounadal@lshmt.ac.uk |
| Chaisiri Angkurawaranon, MD, PhD | Contact | chaisiri.a@cmu.ac.th |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sanjay Kinra, MD, PhD | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34887283 | Derived | Papachristou Nadal I, Aramrat C, Jiraporncharoen W, Pinyopornpanish K, Wiwatkunupakarn N, Quansri O, Rerkasem K, Srivanichakorn S, Techakehakij W, Wichit N, Pateekhum C, Birk N, Ngetich E, Khunti K, Hanson K, Kinra S, Angkurawaranon C. Process evaluation protocol of a cluster randomised trial for a scalable solution for delivery of Diabetes Self-Management Education in Thailand (DSME-T). BMJ Open. 2021 Dec 9;11(12):e056141. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056141. | |
| 33020090 |
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Data will be made upon reasonable request
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Oct 8, 2018 | Apr 23, 2019 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Oct 8, 2018 | May 1, 2019 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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Cluster randomised control trial
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| 12 months |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) | HADS measures depression and anxiety which will address psychological change. Scale is from 0 to 3. Scale defined as: Definitely 0 Usually 1 Sometimes 2 Not often 3 Not at all Total score of 21. Scoring: Total score: 0-7 = Normal 8-10 = Borderline abnormal (borderline case) 11-21 = Abnormal (case) | 12 months |
| Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) | PSQ will assess stress and ability to self-management. 30 questions on how the person is feeling with a scale from 1 to 4. 0 = Never 1 = Almost Never 2 = Sometimes 3 = Fairly Often 4 = Very Often Scores ranging from 0-13 would be considered low stress. Scores ranging from 14-26 would be considered moderate stress. Scores ranging from 27-40 would be considered high perceived stress. | 12 months |
| Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Assessment (SDSCA) | Diabetes self-care activities questionnaire focuses on general diet, diabetes-specific diet, physical activity, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and smoking. With a scale of 0 to 7 with no cut of points. Higher score indicate higher self care activities. | 12 months |
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire | The assessment of physical activity comprises a set of 4 questionnaires. Long (5 activity domains asked independently) and short (4 generic items) versions.There are two forms of output from scoring the IPAQ. Results can be reported in categories (low activity levels, moderate activity levels or high activity levels) or as a continuous variable (MET minutes a week). MET minutes represent the amount of energy expended carrying out physical activity. Expressed as MET-min per week: MET level x minutes of activity x events per week Sample Calculation: MET levels MET-min/week for 30 min episodes, 5 times/week Walking = 3.3 METs 3.3*30*5 = 495 MET-min/week Moderate Intensity = 4.0 METs 4.0*30*5 = 600 MET-min/week Vigorous Intensity = 8.0 METs 8.0*30*5 = 1,200 MET-min/week ___________________________ TOTAL = 2,295 MET-min/week Total MET-min/week = (Walk METs*min*days) + (Mod METs*min*days) + Vig METs*min*days) | 12 months |
| Body mass index (BMI) | Height and weight (used to derive BMI) | 12 months |
| Derived |
| Angkurawaranon C, Papachristou Nadal I, Mallinson PAC, Pinyopornpanish K, Quansri O, Rerkasem K, Srivanichakorn S, Techakehakij W, Wichit N, Pateekhum C, Hashmi AH, Hanson K, Khunti K, Kinra S. Scalable solution for delivery of diabetes self-management education in Thailand (DSME-T): a cluster randomised trial study protocol. BMJ Open. 2020 Oct 5;10(10):e036963. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036963. |