Lead co-I left institution in 2020 and enrollment was suspended. Study was kept open in hopes of finding a replacement/meeting enrollment goal, but a new lead was not found. Study is now officially closed.

This is a double blinded randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen administered to patients on schedule compared to ibuprofen alone on the patient's reported pain score on the second post-operative day after Cesarean delivery. The investigators will also record opiate consumption and pain scores throughout the hospitalization of participants, and will survey patients at one and two weeks after surgery regarding opiate consumption and quality of life.

The investigators have designed a double-blinded randomized, controlled trial to compare a standardized pain regimen of scheduled ibuprofen and acetaminophen to scheduled ibuprofen and placebo. In both arms, the participant will have the ability to ask for medication for breakthrough pain which will be oxycodone. By standardizing and scheduling the administration of ibuprofen with acetaminophen, the investigators hypothesize that total opioid requested and therefore consumed will be decreased in this participants who receive ibuprofen scheduled with acetaminophen. The investigators will primarily assess pain as reported on a 10-point scale mid-day on the second post-operative day. Secondarily, the investigators will collect reported pain scores and total opiate consumption while in the hospital, opiate consumption after discharge, and quality of life as assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life "Bref" (WHOQOL-BREF) survey. This information will be obtained via chart review and at-home surveys administered via email on the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) system one and two weeks after surgery.

Enrollment will be performed by study staff. Participants will then be randomized by the institution's Investigational Drug Services (IDS) in REDCap, which uses a randomization table generated by Penn State University (PSU) bio-statisticians. A medication packet will then be prepared and distributed by IDS for the participant containing 20 tablets of acetaminophen 650 mg or placebo based on randomization assignment. The packet will then be sent to nursing staff caring for the patient. Participants will then receive study medication/placebo along with ibuprofen 600 mg (dispensed by the clinical pharmacy) every 6 hours. Participants will be able to request medication for breakthrough pain which will be oxycodone 5 mg or 10 mg depending on reported pain score (one pill for moderate pain, two pills for severe pain). Both ibuprofen and oxycodone will be ordered and dispensed by the clinical pharmacy. Until the participant is deemed able to receive medication by mouth, the participant may receive medication as prescribed by the caring obstetrician and/or anesthesiologist which will be beyond the scope of this trial. Pain scores will be collected and recorded in the medical chart by nursing and assistant staff as part of routine care.

At discharge, participants will receive a standard prescription for 20 tablets of oxycodone 5 mg with directions to take 1-2 tablets every 6-8 hours as needed for breakthrough pain, as is the current group standard at the institution in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

After discharge, study staff will then conduct a chart review to collect demographic information, review the operative report, and ensure no event took place which would exclude the participant from the study. Study staff will also record total opiate consumption and pain scores.

One week after surgery, the participant will receive an invitation via electronic mail (e-mail) to complete a survey on REDCap which will assess opiate consumption and perceived appropriateness of pain control. Two weeks after surgery, participants will receive two additional invitations; one to complete another survey to assess opiate consumption and perceived appropriateness of pain control, and a second to complete the WHOQOL-BREF. The WHOQOL-BREF survey has been validated to assess four distinct categories of quality of life in women two weeks postpartum. These invitations and reminders have been designed to occur automatically with the assistance of features inherent to the REDCap program. Participants will be considered non-compliant if they fail to complete surveys within three days of receiving their invitation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant women at least 18 years of age
• Planned delivery via C-section
• Pfannenstiel skin incision
• Lower uterine segment transverse hysterotomy
• English speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

• Major intra-operative or post-operative complication such that clinician recommends patient should not receive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or that patient requires acetaminophen to treat fever (ie suspected endometritis)
• Unplanned surgery (hysterectomy, bowel/bladder repair)
• Allergy or contraindication to study medication
• Non-English speaking
• Inability to provide informed consent
• History of opioid, other illicit substance, or alcohol use disorder either before or during pregnancy
• Severe renal or hepatic impairment

Only women may participate due to pregnancy-related condition being studied

May collaborate with PSU Addiction Center to perform secondary analyses on data collected, including total opiate consumption and pain scores.

Eligible subjects who received study drug

2 weeks

Enrollment was suspended when the co-investigator responsible for study recruitment left the institution in 2020. At that time, only 49 subjects had been randomized (study enrollment goal was 150 subjects). The PI kept the study open but was not successful in finding a replacement to lead the study so it was eventually terminated.