This trial will evaluate whether empirical treatment against cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis improves survival of HIV-infected infants with severe pneumonia.

Pneumonia is the main cause of death in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected children. A significant number of undiagnosed or poorly treated HIV-infected children present to health services with severe pneumonia. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to treat severe pneumonia in HIV-infected infants include empirical treatment against common bacteria plus Pneumocystis jirovecii. Although this approach has contributed to reducing overall case fatality rates, mortality in this particularly vulnerable group remains unacceptably high. Autopsy studies in Africa have shown that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and tuberculosis (TB) are important underdiagnosed and undertreated causes of deaths. Our objective is to evaluate whether empirical treatment against cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis improves survival of HIV-infected infants with severe pneumonia. A randomized factorial clinical trial will be conducted in six sub-Saharan African countries to evaluate the safety and efficacy of empirical treatment against cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in HIV-infected infants aged 28 days to 365 days admitted to hospital with severe pneumonia. The primary outcome is mortality. All HIV-infected infants will receive standard of care (SoC) pneumonia treatment, including antibiotics, cotrimoxazole, and prednisolone. A group of patients will receive SoC, another group will receive valganciclovir plus SoC, another group will receive tuberculosis treatment plus SoC, and another group will receive valganciclovir, tuberculosis treatment, and SoC.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 28 days to 365 days of age

2. Pneumonia defined as chest indrawing or fast breathing for age, for infants 28 to 60 days of age ≥60 breaths per minute and for infants 61 to 365 days of age, ≥50 breaths per minute.

3. Current hospitalization due to pneumonia with criteria for parenteral antibiotics (1 or more criteria)

   1. Chest indrawing with HIV infection

   2. No improvement with oral treatment.

   3. One or more danger signs according to WHO 5,44,45

      • Central cyanosis or saturation of O2 <90%
      • Severe respiratory distress, e.g. grunting or very severe chest indrawing
      • Signs of pneumonia with a general danger sign:
      • Unable to drink or breastfeed
      • Persisting vomiting
      • Convulsions in the last 24 hours
      • Lethargic or unconscious
      • Stridor while calm
      • Severe malnutrition

4. HIV-confirmed infection (with at least one molecular method: DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or RNA PCR/viral load).

5. Informed consent obtained

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Clinical TB (pulmonary or extrapulmonary) diagnosis, defined as the necessity of TB-T prescribed by a physician, at the moment of randomization
2. Known bacteriologically confirmed TB case (at least one biological specimen positive by culture or Xpert MTB/RIF) at the moment of randomization
3. Patient previously treated for TB or currently on treatment for TB
4. Documented evidence of close TB exposure (household contact of a patient with documented TB during the lifetime of the child, or currently receiving TB-T)
5. Pure wheezers defined as a clear clinical improvement after a bronchodilator test (give a challenge of rapid-acting inhaled bronchodilator for up to three times 15-20 minutes apart. Count the breaths and look for chest indrawing again, and then re-classify)
6. Active malignancies
7. Systemic immunosuppressive medications. Steroids will be considered to be immunosuppressing only if >2 mg/kg of prednisone or equivalent during >15 days
8. Evidence of condition other than HIV and pneumonia which precludes, to the judgment of the clinical researcher, enrollment in this trial due to risk for the patient. In case of doubt, the Trial Management Team will be contacted to assess eligibility
9. Less than 2.5 kg of weight
10. Hb <6 g/dL in the screening blood test or in a test done in the last 48 hours. Transfusion is permitted to achieve >6 g/dL if the patient's state allows it. In case a transfusion is administered, the patient can be enrolled
11. Neutropenia <500 /mm3 in the screening blood test or in a test done in the last 48 hours. Repeating the test is allowed to check eligibility

After principal results, addressing primary and secondary objectives will be published. A final repository will be chosen for anonymized data sharing, and transparency after the trial is closed, according to the funder (EDCTP) rules and recommendations, unless national laws impede it.

Within 12 months of the completion of the study.

The repository will be public-available by concrete permission of the Clinical Trial Unit. Those interested in having the database or any of its subsets should provide concrete research proposal that may be accepted under citation condition.