The EORTC QLQ-C30, a HRQoL questionnaire was used. It consists of 30 items comprising five functional scales (physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social), three symptom scales (fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and pain). Six single items are also included (dyspnoea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhoea, and financial difficulties). The final two items in the questionnaire assess global health and overall QoL. Raw data were transformed to standardized scores ranging from 0 to 100 using the EORTC scoring manual. A high score on the functional scale represents a high level of functioning (i.e., higher is better), whereas a high score on the symptom scale represents a high level of symptoms (i.e., lower is better).