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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional School-Based OT | Other Identifier | TengM |
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Children who attend School-Based Occupational Therapy (SBOT) show mixed dominance and a liable decreased in the structural and functional differentiation between the two hemispheres. The lack of right-left disparity has been found to link to mirror invariance, poor spatial organization, fragmentary reversals, and handwriting difficulty. This study intends to find out, whether, Sensory Motor Lateralization (SML), "With" a rightward bias, profits handwriting more than the conventional (CON) "Without".
10 to 30% of school children suffer handwriting difficulty. Many of them are eventually referred to SBOT for remedial intervention. Among these children, 70% show mixed dominance in their hand and/or leg use, and a likely functional and structural interhemispherical asymmetry reduction. This would make them right-left symmetrical. Learning, thus, may be challenged, because people who are right-left balanced would not have a consistent reference point to process the learning materials regularly in any pre-determined directions. They are, thus, prone to suffer mirror invariance, fragmentary reversal errors, and handwriting difficulty, especially with the fast and accurate construction of asymmetrical letters from memory.
To enhance right-left disparity, dispel mirror invariance, and facilitate the automatized handwriting, SML preferentially belabors one's right eye, ear, hand and leg in therapy, that would greater engage the left hemisphere for its acclaimed vantages over learning. This study investigates, whether SML, wielding such a rightward bias, profits handwriting greater than CON.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sensory Motor Lateralization (SML) | Experimental | This was a group of 8 junior high school students who received SML in school for handwriting difficulty during the 2012-13 School Year. The participants received left eye-and-ear occlusion, fitness exercises, fine motor speed training, and handwriting practice on their right hand only. |
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| Conventional School-Based OT (CON) | Active Comparator | This was a group of 8 junior high school students who received conventional school-based Occupational Therapy service for handwriting difficulty during the 2012-13 School Year. The participants received a like fitness exercises, fine motor speed training, and handwriting practice on their dominant hand instead. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SML | Behavioral | SML consists of supervised handwriting practice, fitness exercises, and fine motor speed drills that preferentially belabor a participant's right eye, ear, hand and leg during therapy. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| SML excels CON in manuscript letter legibility | Assess by the percent accuracy score of manuscript letter legibility derived from the Wold Sentence Copying Test (WSCT). TThe letter legibility score was calculated by counting the total number of letters the participant wrote minus the writing errors per THS-R criteria, divided by the total number of characters written, and multiplied by 100. The minimum is 0, and the maximum is 100. The higher values represent better treatment outcome. | Change from Baseline percent accuracy score at 3 months |
| SML excels CON in script letter legibility | Assess by the percent accuracy score of script letter legibility derived from the Wold Sentence Copying Test (WSCT). The letter legibility score was calculated by counting the total number of letters the participant wrote minus the writing errors per THS-R criteria, divided by the total number of characters written, and multiplied by 100. The minimum is 0, and the maximum is 100. The higher values represent better treatment outcome. | Change from Baseline percent accuracy score at 3 months |
| SML excels CON in manuscript transcription speed | Assess by WSCT.Speed was derived from the total number of letters written timed 60, divided by the total number of seconds used, and recorded as number of letters per minute. The minimum is 0, and there is no maximum. The higher values represent better treatment outcome. | Change from Baseline letters per minute at 3 months |
| SML excels CON in script transcription speed | Assess by WSCT. Speed was derived from the total number of letters written timed 60, divided by the total number of seconds used, and recorded as number of letters per minute. The minimum is 0, and there is no maximum. The higher values represent better treatment outcome. | Change from Baseline letters per minute at 3 months |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| SML excels CON in Visual Motor Integration | Assess by the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (DTVMI). The minimum is 0, and the highest is 30. The higher scores represent better treatment outcome | Change from Baseline raw score at 3 months |
| SML excels CON in Visual Perception |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mary H Teng, MS, OTR | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17710822 | Background | Adi-Japha E, Landau YE, Frenkel L, Teicher M, Gross-Tsur V, Shalev RS. ADHD and dysgraphia: underlying mechanisms. Cortex. 2007 Aug;43(6):700-9. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70499-4. | |
| 17996854 | Background | Anguera JA, Russell CA, Noll DC, Seidler RD. Neural correlates associated with intermanual transfer of sensorimotor adaptation. Brain Res. 2007 Dec 14;1185:136-51. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.088. Epub 2007 Oct 11. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Bédard, P., Wu, M., \& Sanes, J. N. (2011). Brain Activation Related to Combinations of Gaze Position, Visual Input, and Goal-Directed Hand Movements. Cerebral Cortex, 21(6), 1273-1282. | View source |
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I intend to publish this study. I'll make individual participant data (IPD) available to other researchers afterwards.
I intend to publish this study. I'll make IPD available to other researchers afterwards.
I intend to publish this study. I'll make IPD available to other researchers afterwards.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000381 | Agraphia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007806 | Language Disorders |
| D003147 | Communication Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
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In this study, since the Principal Investigator was the intervener to both study groups, and also the data collector, an effort was made to ensure that both the pre- and posttest were administered in the presence of one other Occupational Therapist, Registered (OTR) and/or a Physical Therapist, who shared the use of the room with Mrs. Teng, test booklets were encrypted, and, that the participants, parents, test graders (one different OTR to each test instrument), and statisticians were kept blind to the group assignment of each participant.
|
| CON | Behavioral | CON consists of supervised handwriting practice, fitness exercises, and fine motor speed drills on the participant's dominant hand. |
|
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Assess by the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (DTVMI). The minimum is 0, and the highest is 30. The higher scores represent better treatment outcome. |
| Change from Baseline raw score at 3 months |
| SML excels CON in Motor Coordination | Assess by the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (DTVMI). The minimum is 0, and the highest is 30. The higher scores represent better treatment outcome | Change from Baseline raw score at 3 months |
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| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D000067559 | Specific Learning Disorder |
| D007859 | Learning Disabilities |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |