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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry | OTHER |
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Evaluation of longitudinal treatment effects applying an intensive psychotherapeutic intervention for inpatients (age of participants: 6-13 years) with a multi-method-approach to address the complex nature of severe childhood trauma. (Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Severe adversity and trauma in early childhood have been associated with a highly increased risk for a variety of psychiatric disorders, lasting into adulthood. This increased risk is accompanied by a set of biological changes ranging from changes in cortical thickness to endocrinological changes. At a behavioral level, children with complex PTSD (developmental trauma disorder) show severe and long-lasting negative effects. Such children exhibit a wide range of symptoms: affect dysregulation, attention difficulties, impairment in interpersonal relationships, aggressive and dissociative behaviour, disturbances of cognition. Corresponding alterations in neural networking and brain development are well studied. Although evidence-based treatment approaches for children with non-complex PTSD exist, complex-traumatized children have no well-evaluated treatments. Furthermore, early intervention can prevent the chronification and exacerbation of symptoms and promote social adaptation and participation.The following topics will be addressed: (1) brain development (Multimodal MRI (mMRI) including anatomical (T1-MPRAGE, T2-FLAIR, DTI-Diffusion Tensor Imaging) and functional MRI measurements (resting-state functional MRI, task fMRI (presenting affective pictures according to the International Affective Picture System, IAPS), EEG); (2) alterations in neuroendocrinological systems involved in stress regulation (Cortisol, Oxytocin, Vasopressin); (3) behavioral symptoms; (4) cognitive functioning; (5) attachment representations of children and their primary caregivers;
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intensive InPatient Psychotherapy Treatment Group (IG) | Experimental | Intensive non-pharmaceutical inpatient intervention with high degrees of individual psychotherapy (5 sessions a week, psychodynamic and specific trauma therapy), group therapy (music-, arts-, sports- and concentrative movement therapy - each one session a week) as well as an ongoing milieutherapeutic frame where patients live over the whole treatment (approximately a 1:1-ratio caregiver per patient is given) of 6 to 8 month treatment duration. |
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| Waiting Control Group (WCG) | Active Comparator | Treatment as usual (mostly combination of behavioral or psychoanalytic outpatient psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy). Duration: At least 3 month to a maximum of 6 month. |
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| Healthy Control Group (HCG) | No Intervention | Matched Pairs design to control for gender, age and handedness. HCG measurements are planned and conducted according to the exact durations of their matched inpatient pair of the IG. Mandatory to control for effects of factors such as brain maturation. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensive in-patient psychotherapy treatment | Behavioral | Intensive non-pharmaceutical in-patient intervention with high degrees of individual psychotherapy (5 sessions a week, psychodynamic and specific trauma therapy), group therapy (music-, arts-, sports- and concentrative movement therapy - each one session a week) as well as an ongoing milieutherapeutic setting where patients live during the whole treatment (approximately a 1:1-Ratio caregiver per patient is given) of 6 to 8 month treatment duration. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Structural MRI (T1w, T2w, DTI) | All structural images will be acquired in a 3 Tesla MR system using a 20- channel head-coil (Siemens, Erlangen). Data post-processing will be performed with lab-internal scripts developed for a multi-core cluster. For structural analyses of T1w, T2w and DTI data, freesurfer,FSL and workbench will be used. T1w and T2w data will be volumetrically analyzed and the results will be reported in mm3. DTI data will be processed using tbss-FSL and probtrackX-FSL. DTI will be quantified in regard of the number of white matter fiber bundles within regions-of-interest (ROIs) and from-ROI-to-ROI. The Dosenbach atlas (Dosenbach et al. 2010) and the multimodal Brainetome atlas (Fan et al. 2016) will be used for all structural analyses. It is an explorative study that follows a whole-brain approach. Changes in emotion-processing and trauma-associated brain regions such as the hippocampus,the amygdala,the orbitofrontal cortex and the insula are assumed | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Resting state functional MRI connectivity (rsfcMRI) | EPI-sequence: fMRI will be carried out at 3 Tesla (Siemens) scanner using a 20- channel head-coil. For functional imaging, an EPI sequence with the following parameters will be used: repetition time (TR),2000 ms; echo time (TE),30 ms; flip angle (FA), 80°; spatial resolution, 3 × 3 × 3 mm3; imaging matrix, 64 × 64; field-of-view (FoV), 192 × 192 mm2; number of slices: 36; number of volumes: 200. Data post-processing will be performed with lab-internal scripts developed for a multicore cluster. For rsfcMRI analyses of freesurfer,FSL,AFNI and workbench will be used. rsfcMRI will be quantified as number of significant activated voxels (spatial extent) and connectivity strength (z-scores).Networks of interest (ICA-based): Salience network, Default Mode Network. Regions of interest (seed-based): hippocampus, the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex and the insula.In addition, a RS-EEG with 19 scalp electrodes is used to complement rsfcMRI,which is cortically evaluated using Brainstorm. | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Task-based fMRI using the International affective picture system (IAPS) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Alterations in neuroendocrinological systems involved in stress regulation | Oxytocin (pg/ml in Saliva) release of active stress regulation throughout relaxation using attachment interviews as stressors. Oxytocin will be analysed using radioimmunoassays in an external lab (Landgraf Riagnosis, MPI). | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Behavioral Symptoms 1: Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) | Total Problems Score: 0-28="normal", 29-37="borderline", 38-236="clinical" | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Behavioral Symptoms 2: Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ludwig Ebeling, M.A. | Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich | Principal Investigator |
| Catherina Dehmel, M.sc. | Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich | Principal Investigator |
| Lukas Oberschneider, MD | Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich | Munich | 80337 | Germany |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22101006 | Background | Heim C, Binder EB. Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. Exp Neurol. 2012 Jan;233(1):102-11. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.032. Epub 2011 Nov 7. | |
| Background | Hamilton, L., Micol-Foster, V., & Muzik, M. Childhood maltreatment trauma: Relevance for adult physical and emotional health. A Review. Trauma Cases and Reviews, 1(003), 2015. | ||
| 22506521 |
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All collected IPD concerning MRI analysis. Individual participant data set.
2019-2020
MRI analyses
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013313 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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The study was conducted in the following randomized waiting control design:
After being included in the study at time T0 the children stay in Treatment-As-Usual (TAU) for at least three months and are then randomly assigned to the Intensive Inpatient Psychotherapy Treatment Group (IG) or the Waiting Control Group (WCG) after this TAU time period (This period is considered necessary and sufficient in order to reliably estimate possible trends of changes in the brain). The children in the WCG stay in TAU and are assigned to the IG as soon as a treatment place is available. The waiting period will be included in the analysis as a confounder. The third group is a Healthy Control Group (HCG) of matched pairs (matched for gender, age and handedness).
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Pseudonymization at first stage of the intervention. Additional anonymization for all outcomes assessors.
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| Treatment as usual | Other | Combination of behavioral or psychoanalytic outpatient psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy |
|
For the task-based fMRI the same EPI sequence will be used as for the resting state (see outcome 2). The number of volumes: 180. Three different sets of each 45 (15 neutral, 15 negative, 15 positive rated pictures) pictures were created and randomly displayed during the scanning procedure and also afterward to control for personal affective valence and arousal with Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Data post-processing will be performed with FSL-FEAT using a block-design. Regions of interest follow the previous structural and rsfcMRI analyses ROIs: hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and the insula. |
| longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Alterations in neuroendocrinological systems involved in stress regulation 2 | Cortisol (ng/mL in Saliva) release in active stress regulation throughout relaxation using attachment interviews as stressors. Cortisol will be analysed by Endocrine Laboratories, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich. | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Alterations in neuroendocrinological systems involved in stress regulation 3 | Vasopressin (pg/ml in Saliva) release of active stress regulation throughout relaxation using attachment interviews as stressors. Vasopressin will be analysed using radioimmunoassays in an external lab (Landgraf Riagnosis, MPI). | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
Externalizing Behaviour: 0-12="normal", 13-16="borderline", 17-66="clinical"; |
| longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Behavioral Symptoms 3: Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) | Internalizing Behaviour: 0-7="normal", 8-9="borderline", 10-62="clinical"; | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Behavioral Symptoms 4: Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). | Total difficulties score: 0-13="normal", 14-16="borderline", 17-40="abnormal"; | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Behavioral Symptoms 5: Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). | hyperactivity score: 0-5="normal", 6="borderline", 7-10="abnormal" | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Posttraumatic Symptoms | Parent Repot of Posttraumatic Symptoms (PROPS). If total testscore is greater than 16 a posttraumatic stress disorder is suspected. Total Score range: 0-60. | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Dissociation Symptoms | Child Dissociation Scale (CDC). If total testscore is greater than 11 a dissociative disorder is suspected. Total Score range: 0-18. | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Depression Symptoms | Depression Inventory for Children and Young People (DIKJ - Depressionsinventar für Kinder und Jugendliche) If the testscore is greater than 14 a depression is suspected. Testscore range: 0-58. | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Anxiety Symptoms | Anxiety Questionnaire (FAS - Fragebogen für Angststörungen). If total testscore is greater than 24 a anxiety disorder is suspected. Total testscore range 0-82. | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Cognitive Functioning | Working Memory form Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). At t0/t1 a full-scale intelligence test was conducted (IQ). To minimize learning effects through rehearsal, we focused on subtests in the follow-up testing:
By combining both subtest scores we calculate the Working Memory Index Score. The Working Memory Index will be used to address changes in cognitive functioning. | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Attachment Representations | Child Attachment Interview (CAI). Changes in attachment representations in a qualitative binary secure-insecure distinction and in a four category qualitative coding classification (secure, dismissing, preoccupied, disorganized). | longitudinal (4 measurements, t0: at least 3 month before treatment, t1: at admission to treatment, t2: at discharge (average of 8 month), t3: 6 month post treatment) |
| Background |
| D'Andrea W, Ford J, Stolbach B, Spinazzola J, van der Kolk BA. Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2012 Apr;82(2):187-200. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x. |
| 20865251 | Background | Pechtel P, Pizzagalli DA. Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Mar;214(1):55-70. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2. Epub 2010 Sep 24. |
| 27640984 | Background | Teicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K. The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016 Sep 19;17(10):652-66. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.111. |
| 27647051 | Background | Gold AL, Sheridan MA, Peverill M, Busso DS, Lambert HK, Alves S, Pine DS, McLaughlin KA. Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;57(10):1154-64. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12630. |
| 23877914 | Background | Gillies D, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L, D'Abrew N. Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (Review). Evid Based Child Health. 2013 May;8(3):1004-116. doi: 10.1002/ebch.1916. |