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In the context of ever-increasing automation in surface vehicles, automation impact on drivers will be investigated through three complementary research axes undertaken under simulated driving:
Axe 1 (Cognitive ergonomics), how automation is impacting driving behaviors and visual explorations? Axe 2 (Experimental psychology), how automation is impacting drivers' mental representations of their own driving abilities? Axe 3 (Neuroimaging), how automation is modifying the car driving neural network? And what are drivers' mental representations neural bases? The project tackle both applied and basic research issues using an original experimental neuro ergonomics approach. AUTODRIVE will bring original data on human-machine cooperation, mental representations, cognitive control and brain processes depending on the characteristics of the automation used over a significant period of time (six weeks) on a large sample (N=120) of experienced and inexperienced drivers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| UnAssisted (UA) | Experimental | This term refers to driving a vehicle manually without any vehicle automation technology. It will serve as a baseline concerning behaviors, representations and neural results associated with unassisted automobile driving. |
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| Assisted (A) | Experimental | This term refers to driving with warning technology which upon activation sounds an a warning when the vehicle is too close to the edge of the road (off-road warning , Navarro, Mars, & Hoc, 2007; Suzuki & Jansson, 2003) or too close to the vehicle in front of it (anti-collision warning; Lee, McGehee, Brown, & Reyes, 2002). |
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| Shared Control (SC) | Experimental | This term refers to shared tactical control between the driver and the automated assistive technology, both working simultaneously on the physical trajectory of the vehicle, laterally (Griffiths & Gillespie, 2005; Mulder, Abbink, & Boer, 2012) as well as longitudinal (Adell, Várhelyi, & Hjälmdahl, 2008). |
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| Partly Autonomous (PA) | Experimental | This term refers to a situation where the lateral and longitudinal control of the driving are delegated to the automated assistive technology. It consists of a level of automatisation that today is possible to put into application and which often is referred to by the name "Highly Automated Driving" (Navarro, 2018). In this case, the driver is no longer the one who physically ensures the lateral and longitudinal control of the vehicle, but instead supervises the actions of the automated assistive technology. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of vehicle automation | Device | From no automation of the vehicle to full automation through warnings, shared control and partly automated automation levels. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| BOLD effect | Functional magnetic resonance imaging measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases. The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast in response to an experimental condition (Ogawa, Lee, Kay, & Tank, 1990), allowing researchers to track changes in oxygen consumption on the brain, and therefore brain activity. BOLD effect is computed by assessing the different relaxation times (T1 and T2) in the brain, as T1 and T2 are different in function of regional cerebral blood flows. The outcome will be a change between mean BOLD effect oven session 1 versus session 2 versus session 3. | Repetition Time (TR) :every 3 seconds, during the 3 fMRI sessions of respectively 1 hour, 0,75 hour and 0,75 hour. fMRI session 2 occurs 3 weeks after fMRI session 1 and 3 weeks before fMRI session 3. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Behavioral changes | Participants will be asked to drive through a variety of driving situations in a driving simulator simulated environment equipped with an eye-tracker. The measure collected will be drivers' behaviors on the steering wheel and pedals as well as their visual behaviors. The outcome will be a change in the number of actions on the steering wheel (a), pedals (b) and gaze dispersion (c) on the visual scene across the time points. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jordan Navarro, MD | Contact | 00 33 4 78 77 30 52 | jordan.navarro@univ-lyon2.fr | |
| Emanuelle Reynaud, MD | Contact | 00 33 4 78 77 24 31 | emanuelle.Reynaud@univ-lyon2.fr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jordan Navarro, MD | : Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EMC) -Université Lumière Lyon 2 | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EMC) | Recruiting | Bron | France |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Fully Autonomous (FA) | Experimental | This term refers to a completely automated driving experience. The on-board technologies take over all the driving tasks for any driving situation. |
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| Any Automation (AA) | Experimental | This term refers to a situation where the drivers can choose the automation device of their choice among the five types presented above and can change it whenever they think it is good to do so. |
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| Two experimental sessions of an hour, one before and one after the six weeks of automated driving. Plus six driving sessions of 0,5 hour, one driving session the first day of each experimental week. |