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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most common childhood neuro-developmental disorder that is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms last till adulthood in 65% of cases. ADHD has been reported to have a worldwide prevalence of 5.3% and it is more common in boys than in girls (Ghanizadeh 2008; Serra-Negra et al. 2012 and Shooshtari et al. 2013) The symptoms of ADHD are generally treated through behavioral therapy, with or without pharmacological intervention. Medications prescribed are commonly divided into stimulant or non-stimulant drugs. The stimulant medications (such as methylphenidate and amphetamines) have been implicated in adverse oral effects, such as xerostomia and gingival enlargement. The current evidence is controversial regarding the severity and prevalence of dental caries, dental trauma, periodontal diseases, oral habits and tooth wear among patients with ADHD (Chau et al. 2017).
In the Arab world, few studies have been published on ADHD. Accordingly, in the Arab society and Egypt there are limited data regarding the oral findings of children with ADHD. Owing to the sparsity of these data, this study will be conducted to evaluate different oral characteristics of Egyptian children with ADHD.
Due to lack of published studies about the oral findings of Egyptian Children with ADHD, this study will be conducted to cover this point.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD group | clinical examination |
| |
| normal group | clinical examination |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| clinical examination | Other | clinical examination for all the oral findings |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| oral habits | clinical examination yes/no | 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| DMFT caries index | DMFT D=dacayed M=missed due to caries F=filled T=tooth score 0-20 for primary teeth0 is the best / 20 is the worst | 6 months |
| dental trauma | clinical examination yes/no |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Control Group:
A matched group of healthy children aged 3-6 years old.
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients referred from Abu El-Reesh and El-Demerdash children hospitals, diagnosed with ADHD.
Control group: A matched group of patients attending at Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University.
Patients will be included in the study according to the eligibility criteria.
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sara G hussien, BSc | Contact | 00201012120090 | Sara.Gaber@dentistry.cu.edu.eg | |
| Randa Yo Abdel Gawad, PhD | Contact | 00201222272010 |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sara G Hussien, BSc | Resident at pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department | Principal Investigator |
| Randa Y Abdel Gawad, PhD | Associate professor at pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009912 | Oral Manifestations |
| D001289 | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009059 | Mouth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012149 | Restraint, Physical |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D032763 | Behavior Control |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D007103 | Immobilization |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
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| 6 months |
| D019958 | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |