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This study investigates the role of two endogenous inhibitory mechanisms; exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) and a conditioning painful stimulus (CPM) on passive joint range of motion, passive resistive torque and pain sensitivity. The study is a randomized, repeated-measures cross-over study.
The increase in range of motion following stretching is related to changes in the tolerance to stretch. The mechanistic relationships behind these changes in subject sensation are however unknown but could be related to endogenous modulation of pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) | Experimental | Exercise-induced hypoalgesia - isometric muscle contractions of the hand flexors |
|
| Static stretch (SS) | Active Comparator | A static stretch of the knee flexors |
|
| Rest | Sham Comparator | No intervention |
|
| Conditioning painful stimulus (CPM) | Experimental | Conditioned pain modulation - cold pressure test |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise induced hypoalgesia (EIH) | Other | An EIH response was induced by a 3-minute isometric contraction of the hand flexor muscles at 25% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Knee extension range of motion | Passively induced knee extension range of motion was measured using the Biodex system 4 pro isokinetic dynamometer | Passive knee extension range of motion was measured as a baseline just prior to the induction of exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH), Static stretch (SS), Rest and a conditioning painful stimulus (CPM) |
| Knee extension range of motion | Passively induced knee extension range of motion was measured using the Biodex system 4 pro isokinetic dynamometer | Passive knee extension range of motion was measured 30 seconds after the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |
| Knee extension range of motion | Passively induced knee extension range of motion was measured using the Biodex system 4 pro isokinetic dynamometer | Passive knee extension range of motion was measured 10 minutes after the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Passive resistive torque | Passive resistive torque during the passive knee extension motion was measured using the Biodex system 4 pro isokinetic dynamometer. | Passive resistive torque was measured as a baseline just prior to the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |
| Passive resistive torque |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Only males were included to avoid the potential effect that fluctuations in gonadal hormone values may have on the endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Dorte Drachman, Msc. | University College of Northern Denmark, Department of Physiotherapy | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University College of Northern Denmark | Aalborg | 9220 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34387949 | Derived | Stove MP, Hirata RP, Palsson TS. The tolerance to stretch is linked with endogenous modulation of pain. Scand J Pain. 2021 Jan 11;21(2):355-363. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0010. Print 2021 Apr 27. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C092779 | RE1-silencing transcription factor |
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This was a randomized, repeated-measures cross-over study. Passive knee extension range of motion was measured three consecutive times with five-minute intervals between measurements. Both groups underwent a static stretch protocol consisting of two bouts of thirty-second constant-angle static stretching of the knee flexors with a one-minute rest between bouts. Subjects were instructed to keep the limb relaxed as the lower leg was passively moved towards extension. Following stretching, the post-stretch measurement was performed. Finally, subjects in the pain group were instructed to immerse their non-dominant hand into a container with circulating water at 1˚C to 4˚C and keep it there for 2 minutes. A Biodex system 4 pro dynamometer was used to quantify range of motion and passive resistive torque. Pressure pain thresholds was assessed using a handheld pressure algometer (Somedic AB, Hörby, Sweden).
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Participants were blinded to the results of all measurements and naïve to research hypotheses.
| Static stretch (SS) | Other | Two bouts of 30 seconds of static stretching (SS) of the knee flexors. |
|
| Rest | Other | The participants rested in a seated position for 10 minutes |
|
| Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) | Other | A CPM response was induced by way of the cold pressor test. |
|
Passive resistive torque during the passive knee extension motion was measured using the Biodex system 4 pro isokinetic dynamometer. |
| Passive resistive torque was measured 30 seconds after the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |
| Passive resistive torque | Passive resistive torque during the passive knee extension motion was measured using the Biodex system 4 pro isokinetic dynamometer. | Passive resistive torque was measured 10 minutes after the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |
| Pressure pain thresholds | Pressure pain thresholds was measures using a handheld pressure algometer (Somedic AB, Hörby, Sweden. | Pressure pain thresholds were measured as a baseline just prior to the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |
| Pressure pain thresholds | Pressure pain thresholds was measures using a handheld pressure algometer (Somedic AB, Hörby, Sweden. | Pressure pain thresholds were measured 30 seconds after the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |
| Pressure pain thresholds | PRessure pain thresholds was measures using a handheld pressure algometer (Somedic AB, Hörby, Sweden. | Pressure pain thresholds were measured 10 minutes after the induction of EIH, SS, Rest and CPM |