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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCI-2019-01325 | Registry Identifier | CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program) | |
| 19-NCI-00810 | Other Identifier | NCI Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences |
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This trial uses an online survey to study smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers. An online survey consisting of questions about general demographics, smoking history, smoking attitudes, smoking behaviors, smoking intentions, health and qualities of daily life may help researchers understand the differences in smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To examine if self-affirmation attenuates the effects of cigarette smoking stigmatization on smoking risk perceptions, pro-smoking beliefs, and intentions to change smoking behavior.
OUTLINE:
Participants are recruited and pre-screened via an online crowdsourcing program called Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants then respond to a one-time research survey over 20 minutes on SurveyGizmo, an on-line survey software platform.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Observational (survey) | Participants are recruited and pre-screened via an online crowdsourcing program MTurk, and then respond to a one-time research survey over 20 minutes on SurveyGizmo, an on-line survey software platform |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survey Administration | Other | Respond to SurveyGizmo survey online |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Quit Intentions | Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit. | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
| Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | "How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely) | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
| Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
| Intentions to Reduce Smoking | How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
| Self-exempting Beliefs | Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
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Smokers recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Annette Kaufman | NCI Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCI Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences | Rockville | Maryland | 20850 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33870815 | Result | Sorgen LJ, Ferrer RA, Klein WMP, Kaufman AR. Smoking self-concept moderates the effects of self-affirmation on smoking-related beliefs and behavioral intentions. Psychol Health. 2022 Aug;37(8):964-984. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1912346. Epub 2021 Apr 19. |
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Respondents were directed to complete a 15-20 min online survey on smoking attitudes and behaviors. Participants provided electronic informed consent and then answered two questions to confirm their current smoking status. Current established smokers (smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and now smoke every day or some days) were eligible. Eligible participants completed survey items assessing smoking characteristics and smoking self-concept.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. |
| FG001 | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. |
| FG002 | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. |
| FG003 | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Quit Intentions | Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit. | Listwise deletion: 1 participant did not respond to the survey item on quit intentions. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
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Adverse events were not monitored for this online study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. |
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Required summary level data is presented per requirements. Do not interpret these unadjusted results. Please refer to the published manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annette Kaufman | National Cancer Institute | 301-467-8521 | kaufmana@mail.nih.gov |
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Feb 4, 2019 | May 26, 2021 | Prot_000.pdf |
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| At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. |
| Positive Cognitions About Smoking | Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. |
| BG001 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control |
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. |
| BG002 | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. |
| BG003 | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Smoking Self-Concept | Smoking self-concept was assessed at baseline using the Smoking Self-Concept Scale (Shadel & Mermelstein, 1996), consisting of five items measuring smokers' agreement with statements representing a smoker self-schema. An example item is, 'Smoking is part of my personality.' Response options ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged so that higher scores indicated a stronger smoking self-concept. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Education | Participants' education was categorized as high school graduate or less, some college, college graduate, and postgraduate. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Nicotine Dependence | Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton et al., 1991). Six items comprise the FTND each with different point values. Points are summed to create a total score ranging from 0 to 10, with higher numbers indicating greater nicotine dependence. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
| OG001 | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. |
| OG002 | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. |
| OG003 | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. |
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| Primary | Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | "How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely) | Listwise Deletion: 20 participants did not respond to the intentions to switch to e-cigarettes survey item. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
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| Primary | Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). | Listwise deletion: 28 participants did not respond to the survey item on intentions to seek cessation counseling. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
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| Primary | Intentions to Reduce Smoking | How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). | Listwise deletion: 21 participants did not respond to the survey item on intentions to reduce smoking. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes |
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| Primary | Self-exempting Beliefs | Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. | Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. |
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| Primary | Positive Cognitions About Smoking | Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. | Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. |
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| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| EG001 | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG002 | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG003 | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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