The study aims to evaluate the appropriateness of initiating oral anticoagulation for stroke risk reduction in dialysis populations with atrial fibrillation. Specifically, the study will assess the overall safety, tolerability, and efficacy of initiating treatment with Warfarin in patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis and atrial fibrillation.

Data pertaining to the tolerability, safety, and benefit of initiating anticoagulation for stroke risk reduction in patients with end-stage renal disease and atrial fibrillation remains conflicting and insufficient. Patients on dialysis continue to be routinely excluded from randomized controlled trials, and evidence from observational studies is plausibly biased. The main objective of the following parallel-group open randomized clinical trial presents a nationwide study aimed at investigating the benefit, tolerability, and safety of initiating warfarin versus no treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation on dialysis. The anticipated results from this project will provide conclusive evidence as to the appropriateness of initiating oral anticoagulation for stroke risk reduction in dialysis populations with atrial fibrillation with direct effects on clinical management and international guidelines pertaining to these patients.

The study is planned as a multicentre, randomized, open label, parallel group trial with planned inclusion of a total of 718 patients (359 patients per arm). Dialysis-treated patients with end-stage renal disease with paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent atrial fibrillation will be enrolled and randomized to either treatment with warfarin or no treatment. Randomization with be attained using a 1:1 allocation as per a computer-generated randomization schedule stratified by gender, age by decade, and center using permuted blocks of random sizes. Study participants will be allocated to treatment in accordance with the randomization for the full duration of the trial i.e. at a minimum one year following randomization, and followed with regular monitoring for the the primary efficacy outcome of ischemic stroke or death due to ischemic or unspecified stroke and the primary safety outcome of major bleeding defined in accordance with the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis definition.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients ≥18 years on chronic dialysis due to end-stage renal disease
• Non-valvular paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent atrial fibrillation OR non-treated (for >2 months) prevalent paroxysmal, persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation as documented by an electrocardiogram or an episode of ≥30 seconds on Holter monitor, or episodes ≥ 6 minutes on event recorders or any other recording device.
• Competence to understand the study rationale, including potential risks and benefits associated with treatment, necessary for written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• CHA2DS2-VASc Score ≤1
• Other indications for oral anticoagulation treatment (pulmonary embolism < 6 months, deep vein thrombosis <3 months, mechanical heart valve prosthesis) irrespective of whether treatment is implemented
• Ongoing dual antiplatelet treatment
• Malignancy (with exception of non-melanoma skin cancer) with recent < 1 year, ongoing, or planned curative, or palliative chemo- , radiation-, and/or scheduled surgical therapy
• Endoscopy with gastrointestinal ulcer <1 month
• Esophageal varices
• Autoimmune og genetic coagulation disorders
• Congenital alactasia, Lapp Lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption
• Pending spinal tap
• Cerebrovascular malformations
• Arterial aneurysms
• Ulcers or wounds (Wagner grad >1)
• Bacterial endocarditis < 3 months
• Active bleeding contraindicating anticoagulation
• Any non-elective and/or non-ambulant surgery <7 days
• Cerebral hemorrhage <4 weeks
• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100 × 109/L) <30 days.
• Severe liver insufficiency (spontaneous international normalized ratio >1.5) <30 days.
• Known intolerance to warfarin
• Use of hypericum perforatum / St. John's Wort
• Uncontrolled hypertension (repeat blood pressure >180/110 mmhg) < 30 days
• Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone <0.1μIU/mL) <30 days
• Pregnancy or lactation
• Participation in other ongoing intervention trials adjudged to influence study outcomes

De-identified individual participant data for primary and secondary outcomes measures will be made available

Data will be available within 12 months of study completion

Data access requests will be reviewed, requestors will be required to sign a Data Access Agreement.

None (Open Label