No in-person testing is permitted at Ryerson University due to COVID-19.

People who experience high levels of worry often have mental habits that fuel their worry. One mental habit of interest to researchers is the tendency to assess situations and experiences in a very negative way even when it is possible the situation may turn out to be neutral or even positive. Cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I) is a training that is designed to target the tendency to catastrophize and jump to negative conclusions when faced with ambiguous information. CBM-I has been shown to improve this habit as well as anxiety and low mood. In this experiment, the investigators are looking to enhance CBM-I for pathological worry. Specifically, the investigators are testing the immediate and short-term effects of using imagery when completing CBM-I.

In pathological worry, the tendency to assess situations and experiences in a very negative way even when it is possible the situation may turn out to be neutral or even positive is suggested to fuel worry. This type of "mental habit" can maintain worry and cause people a lot of distress. Cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I) involves repeatedly and actively listening to descriptions of ambiguous scenarios that resolve in a benign fashion. CBM-I has shown promise at reducing the tendency to make negative interpretations when presented with ambiguous information as well as improving worry and low mood. However, further research is needed to optimize the protocol for individuals who engage in pathological worry. One such way to improve the task is using imagery. In this proof-of-concept experiment, the investigators are looking at whether having participants use imagery while practicing CBM-I for one week leads to greater improvements in worry and worry-related processes compared to the standard protocol without imagery instructions and compared to a neutral control condition. This study will also investigate dosage effects of CBM-I training by investigating changes in worry over the intervention period using a daily diary assessment.

Potential participants will be asked to complete a telephone screen. Those who meet eligibility criteria will be invited to our laboratory at Ryerson University. After completing pre-intervention outcome measures, participants will be randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a condition where people imagine themselves in scenarios they listen to; (2) a condition where people listen to the scenarios without instruction to use imagery; and (3) a condition in which people listen to passages of non-emotional situations. Participants will be asked to complete their respective training for 7 days (60 scenarios/day). There will be two follow-up visits; one after participants complete their training and another two weeks following completion of the training. All of the outcome measures will be assessed pre-intervention, post-intervention and at the 2-week follow-up. Past week worry will also be assessed at a 1-week follow-up via a link that will be emailed. During the 1-week intervention period participants will also track their worry 3 times per day via a link that will be emailed to them.

The present experiment will provide answers to important questions about the therapeutic potential of imagery enhanced CBM compared to standard CBM for pathological worry. Moreover, this study will shed light on dosing effects of the intervention.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Score of 62 or higher on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire.
2. Endorsement of symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (e.g., excessive and uncontrollable worry) as per the DSM-5 description (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Clinically significant suicidal ideation, intent, or plan
2. Past or current history of psychosis, bipolar disorder, or substance or alcohol use disorder over the past 12 months
3. Current psychological treatment or counseling unless this treatment is infrequent (once per month or less) or the participant has been receiving consistent weekly treatment for at least 12 weeks and still meets all other eligibility criteria
4. Psychotropic medication with a change in dose in the past 12 weeks. If they have recently discontinued a psychotropic medication, they will be included if it has been at least 1 month since discontinuation, or 3 months if they had been taking fluoxetine. Use of benzodiazepines in the past 12 weeks will also exclude participants.
5. Participants will be excluded if they report noncorrected hearing impairments as the training involves listening to audio recordings.
6. Participants will be excluded if they do not have daily access to a computer with internet as this is required to complete the at home training.

Results of the study will be disseminated via conference presentations, journal publications, and through our lab website. Upon request, anonymized aggregate participant data may be made available to a publishing journal or individual research group. Individual research groups interested in accessing anonymized data will be required to submit a proposal detailing their intended use of the data. Their qualifications will be reviewed based on their proposal and CVs. Individual research groups approved for access will be required to agree to not attempt to re-identify participants, not further distribute data, and not use the data for purposes other than specified in their original proposal. No individual data will be shared.