The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of a combination intervention on long-term HIV viral load (VL) suppression among HIV-infected adolescents and young adults 15-24 years of age. The study will take place in 28 rural HIV clinics in western Kenya and southwest Uganda. Clinics will be randomly chosen to either continue to provide study participants standard care or to provide the study intervention, which consists of discussion and counseling on major issues or life events, flexible access to the clinic, and rapid turnaround of VL test results. Participants will take part in the study for at least 2 years.

The randomized controlled trial (RCT) will evaluate the effect of the SEARCH Youth intervention on long-term HIV viral load suppression among HIV-infected adolescents/young adults. The study's intervention is based on the PRECEDE model of behavioral change that is targeted towards adolescent and young adult behavior. The study design is a cluster-randomized trial where the unit of randomization is the HIV clinic: 14 clinics randomized to the intervention and 14 to the optimized country standard of care (Differentiated ART care, standard clinic hours, routine VL monitoring, access to 2nd and 3rd line ART), balanced within country. The target enrollment for the intervention is approximately 2300 (50-100 adolescents/young adults with HIV in each clinic, plus family members, providers and others taking part in qualitative interviews).

Community-tailored youth testing and linkage strategies for ART will be implemented to recruit youth for the SEARCH Youth combination intervention RCT. Strategies to reach youth at the highest risk of HIV infection will be implemented. Those individuals who test HIV-positive will be referred to the local clinic for HIV treatment services and, if they otherwise meet entry criteria, to the SEARCH Youth study for possible inclusion.

The components of the SEARCH Youth intervention include:

• Administration of life-stage assessment tool at the beginning of each visit that links to life-stage specific actions and puts subsequent medical discussions into an appropriate context
• Structured choice clinic access which will provide a choice to schedule visits during or after routine clinic hours or in an alternate location, with some phone-only visits available between in-person visits
• Rapid feedback of VL results, by phone or in person, aiming to be provided within 72 hours, to provide immediate feedback on HIV suppression and engage participants in their overall health
• Provider e-collaboratives that comprises of chat groups using WhatsApp or similar secure messaging applications to solicit input about challenging cases using de-identified information

Participants will take part in the study for at least 2 years.

Some participants, family members, providers, HIV-negative youth and key informants will also take part in qualitative interview guides. Costs of the SEARCH Youth intervention will be evaluated to assess its efficiency and cost-effectiveness including as cost per participant, cost per additional participant with viral suppression and cost per DALY gained.

Inclusion Criteria:

• HIV infection diagnosed according to country testing guidelines
• Age 15-24 years
• Enrolled in care in a study clinic
• Ability and willingness to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• None

Population includes participants who were included in the primary analysis, enrolled before December 1, 2019.

2 years

Non-fatal serious adverse events were reported regardless of relationship to the study intervention in the intervention arm only. Control arm participants were not contacted during the study except at baseline and endpoint. Other [Not Including Serious] Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed in both intervention and control arms. Fatal serious adverse events were reported in both the intervention arm and the control arm regardless of relationship.