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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| The Mind Research Network | OTHER |
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Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a significant public health problem, with prevalence rates of 13.9% for current and 29.1% for lifetime diagnosis (Grant et al., 2015). AUD creates harm at the individual, familial, and societal level, with an estimated societal cost of $249 billion (Sacks et al., 2015) per year. The course of AUD typically is characterized by periods of relapse to problematic drinking (Maisto et al., 2014), signaling a need for better treatments and understanding of mechanisms of behavior change.
The goal of this research is to conduct a randomized clinical trial with 140 participants who have an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Each participant will complete behavioral assessments, self-report surveys and brain imaging before and after receiving psychotherapy treatment to change their drinking behaviors. Various aspects of behavior change will be looked at to better understand changes in brain function and emotional reactivity when someone changes their patterns of alcohol use. The two treatment used in this study have been found to be helpful in reducing alcohol use. Participants will be randomly assigned to either Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) that will be completed in 12 weekly therapy sessions.
It is anticipated that there will be numerous changes in brain function that are found when someone reduces or stops their alcohol use after the completion of 12 weeks of treatment.
Although pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) exist that improve outcomes over natural recovery (Finney et al., 2013), outcomes are still modest. Identifying mechanisms of behavior change (MOBCs) that lead to successful outcomes may be critical for efforts to improve existing treatments or to better match patients with particular treatments. The goal of the proposed research is to conduct a randomized clinical trial to systematically examine pretreatment neurocognitive and behavioral characteristics and changes in brain function over time during two empirically supported treatments for AUD. One hundred forty treatment-seeking individuals with an AUD will be randomized to receive either 8 weeks of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (CBT) or Mindfulness Based Treatment (MBT) after receiving 4 weeks of a platform treatment that focuses on enhancing motivation to change. Neurocognitive and behavioral characteristics will be measured using neuroimaging, comprehensive behavioral assessments, and patient self-reports. To establish the temporal relationship between changes in drinking and changes in these MOBCs, patients will be assessed at: (a) baseline; (b) four weeks into treatment; (c) immediately post-treatment; and (d) 9- and 15-months post-baseline. Self-report measures and behavioral tasks will be administered at monthly intervals during treatment; and fMRI will be collected at baseline, and at 3, and 9-months post baseline. The primary aim of the study is to examine the effects of the treatments on three hypothesized mechanisms: craving/regulation of craving, cognitive and behavioral control, and regulation of affect/arousal. The secondary aim will identify neurocognitive and behavioral baseline characteristics predictive of reductions in drinking over time and differential patterns of response to CBT or MBT.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | Active Comparator | The CBT condition will include 8 weekly, 60-minute sessions, and will be delivered according to the Epstein & McCrady (2009) cognitive-behavioral treatment manual, excluding material provided in the platform treatment. The treatment manual and accompanying client workbook provide detailed therapist instructions for each session, client exercises, worksheets, and homework assignments. The treatment focuses on cognitive and behavioral coping skills training, and emphasizes problem-solving as an overall approach to dealing with drinking. |
|
| Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention | Active Comparator | The MBT condition will be adapted from the 8-week version of the mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) manual (Bowen et al., 2011; Witkiewitz et al., 2005). The main adaptation will be to eliminate the relapse prevention/CBT components and focus attention on mindfulness practices. The mindfulness practices in MBT are designed to increase awareness of triggers and decrease reactivity to distress or discomfort in the presence of triggers (Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010). The relevant worksheets and homework assignments focusing on mindfulness tools will be maintained from the MBRP manual. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy | Behavioral | The CBT condition will include 8 weekly, 60-minute sessions, and will be delivered according to the Epstein & McCrady (2009) cognitive-behavioral treatment manual, excluding material provided in the platform treatment. The treatment manual and accompanying client workbook provide detailed therapist instructions for each session, client exercises, worksheets, and homework assignments. The treatment focuses on cognitive and behavioral coping skills training, and emphasizes problem-solving as an overall approach to dealing with drinking. Treatment sessions may be audio-recorded for supervision and to ensure that the treatment is being delivered as intended. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Percent heavy drinking days | The Form 90 will be used to derive estimates of the outcome: percent heavy drinking days, where heavy drinking is defined as 4+ drinks per occasion for women and 5+ drinks per occasion for men. | Baseline, 4-week within treatment visit, 8-week within treatment visit, and 3-month follow-up, 9-month follow-up, and 15-month follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Percent drinking days | The Form 90 will be used to derive estimates of the outcome percent drinking days. | Baseline, 4-week within treatment visit, 8-week within treatment visit, and 3-month follow-up, 9-month follow-up, and 15-month follow-up |
| MOBC: Craving - self report |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Barbara McCrady, PhD | The University of New Mexico | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Mind Research Network | Albuquerque | New Mexico | 87106 | United States | ||
| The University of New Mexico |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage. | ||
| 21442040 | Background | Allen EA, Erhardt EB, Damaraju E, Gruner W, Segall JM, Silva RF, Havlicek M, Rachakonda S, Fries J, Kalyanam R, Michael AM, Caprihan A, Turner JA, Eichele T, Adelsheim S, Bryan AD, Bustillo J, Clark VP, Feldstein Ewing SW, Filbey F, Ford CC, Hutchison K, Jung RE, Kiehl KA, Kodituwakku P, Komesu YM, Mayer AR, Pearlson GD, Phillips JP, Sadek JR, Stevens M, Teuscher U, Thoma RJ, Calhoun VD. A baseline for the multivariate comparison of resting-state networks. Front Syst Neurosci. 2011 Feb 4;5:2. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00002. eCollection 2011. | |
| 21818162 |
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| Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention | Behavioral | The MBT condition will be adapted from the 8-week version of the mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) manual (Bowen et al., 2011; Witkiewitz et al., 2005). The main adaptation will be to eliminate the relapse prevention/CBT components and focus attention on mindfulness practices. The mindfulness practices in MBT are designed to increase awareness of triggers and decrease reactivity to distress or discomfort in the presence of triggers (Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010). The relevant worksheets and homework assignments focusing on mindfulness tools will be maintained from the MBRP manual. Treatment sessions may be audio-recorded for supervision and to ensure that the treatment is being delivered as intended. |
|
The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale will be used to examine changes in craving that occur during and after treatment. Ratings range from 1-6, with higher scores indicating a higher level of craving. |
| Up to 15 months |
| MOBC: Regulation of Affect/Arousal - negative affect self-report | The Negative Affect Summary score from the National Institutes of Health Negative Emotions toolbox will be used to assess overall negative affect changes during and after treatment. T-scores on the measure can range from 1-100, with higher scores indicating a higher level of negative affect. | Up to 15 months |
| MOBC: Regulation of Affect/Arousal - neuroimaging | The difference in percent signal change during negative vs. neutral picture cues in amygdala will be assessed using a cue task while participants are scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. | Up to 9 months |
| MOBC: Cognitive and Behavioral Control - neuroimaging errors | The difference in percent signal change during unsuccessful inhibition of responses vs. successful non-inhibition trials in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex will be assessed using a stop signal task while participants are scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. | Up to 9 months |
| MOBC: Cognitive and Behavioral Control - neuroimaging inhibition | The difference in percent signal change during successful inhibition of responses vs. successful non-inhibition trials in right inferior frontal cortex will be assessed using a stop signal task while participants are scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. | Up to 9 months |
| MOBC: Cognitive and Behavioral Control - behavior | The Monetary Choice Questionnaire will be used to determine the degree to which impulsive choice changes during and after treatment. A discounting rate (k) will be computed for each administration. | Up to 15 months |
| MOBC: Cognitive and Behavioral Control - self report impulsivity | The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale will be used to examine changes in impulsivity that occur during and after treatment. Potential total scores range from 59-236, with higher scores indicating a higher level of impulsivity. | Up to 15 months |
| MOBC: Craving - neuroimaging | The difference in percent signal change during alcohol vs. neutral picture cues in ventral striatum will be assessed using a cue task while participants are scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging | Up to 9 months |
| Drinks per drinking day | The Form 90 will be used to derive estimates of the outcome: drinks (standard drink=14 grams of pure alcohol) per drinking day. | Baseline, 4-week within treatment visit, 8-week within treatment visit, and 3-month follow-up, 9-month follow-up, and 15-month follow-up |
| Albuquerque |
| New Mexico |
| 87106 |
| United States |
| Background |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000437 | Alcoholism |
| D000428 | Alcohol Drinking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019973 | Alcohol-Related Disorders |
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D004327 | Drinking Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015928 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
Not provided
Not provided