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The study includes two parts: 1) an observational study examines the association of meal frequency, meal timing, and meal regularity with short-term changes in blood pressure and body composition; 2) a randomized controlled intervention examines the influence of recommendation of increase breakfast frequency and decrease nighttime snacking on 1-year changes in blood pressure and body composition.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast promotion | Active Comparator | Receiving the recommendation of daily breakfast |
|
| Nighttime snack reduction | Active Comparator | Receiving the recommendation of reducing nighttime snack frequency |
|
| Breakfast promotion + nighttime snack reduction | Experimental | Receiving the recommendation of daily breakfast + reducing nighttime snack frequency |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast promotion | Behavioral | Recommendation of having breakfast daily |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight | Body weight in kilogram | 1 year |
| Standing height | Height in meters | 1 year |
| Body fat% | Bioimpedance method (TANITA BC-418) | 1 year |
| Body mass index | Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2 | 1 year |
| Systolic blood pressure | Measured in mmHg (Microlife BP 3MS1-4K) | 1 year |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Measured in mmHg (Microlife BP 3MS1-4K) | 1 year |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency of breakfast per week | Self-report food frequency questionnaire(0-7 days/week) | 1 year |
| Frequency of nighttime snacking per week | Self-report food frequency questionnaire(0-7 days/week) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep quality score | Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire(0-21 points): The higher scores, the worse sleep quality | 1 year |
| Mood status | Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS): The higher scores, the worse moods |
Inclusion criteria:
Exclusion criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hsin-Jen Chen, PhD | National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38860554 | Derived | Chen HJ, Tsai YC, Hsu YT, Chu J. Effect of recommendations of breakfast and late-evening snack habits on body composition and blood pressure: A pilot randomized trial. Chronobiol Int. 2024 Jul;41(7):1021-1033. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2363492. Epub 2024 Jun 11. |
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| Nighttime snack reduction | Behavioral | Recommendation of reducing frequency of nighttime snacking |
|
| 1 year |
| 1 year |