Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Regorafenib in Combination With FOLFIRINOX in Patients With RAS-mutated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: a Dose-escalation, Phase I/II Trial
Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Regorafenib in Combination With FOLFIRINOX in Patients With RAS-mutated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: a Dose-escalation, Phase I/II Trial
Safety, tolerability and efficacy of regorafenib in combination with FOLFIRINOX in patients with RAS-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer: a dose-escalation, phase I/II trial
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. More than 50% of patients can be expected to develop metastatic disease, and most of these patients will require palliative systemic therapy. The primary goal for patients who present with technically resectable liver metastases is definitely cure, with R0 resection as the primary goal. Consequently, any patient with limited liver and/or lung metastases should be considered a candidate for potential secondary resection as there are no criteria that allow physicians to distinguish between those patients for whom purely palliative treatment and those or whom potentially curative treatment is appropriate. Although survival times are slightly shorter for patients who undergo conversion therapy followed by surgery than for patients with initially resectable metastatic disease, they are far better than if resection is not carried out at all. First-line therapy commonly involves the doublet regimens of 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, and either oxaliplatin or irinotecan. The addition of targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab (a pure anti-angiogenic agent which binds circulating VEGF-A), cetuximab, and panitumumab, to FOLFOX (5FU, oxaliplatin) or FOLFIRI (5FU, irinotecan) may be helpful to some patients in improving tumor response and ultimately overall survival. The cytotoxic triplet FOLFOXIRI (5FU, oxaliplatin, irinotecan) with or without bevacizumab may be an option in selected fit and motivated patients when cytoreduction (tumour shrinkage) is needed to undergo conversion therapy.
RAS mutations are found in about 50% of mCRC tumors. These mutations exclude affected patients from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed therapy. Besides their negative predictive value, RAS mutations may also carry distinct prognostic information. Modest studied the prognosis by RAS status of a total of 1239 mCRC patients from five randomized trials studying 2-CT. Actually, PFS and OS were significantly influenced by molecular subgroups. Multivariate comparison of Progression-Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS) in patients with mutant tumors versus patients with non-mutated tumors revealed a negative prognostic effect of RAS mutations. Interestingly, the negative prognostic role of these mutations was consistently observed across different treatment regimens (subgroups of irinotecan- and oxaliplatin-treated patients as well as in bevacizumab- and non-bevacizumab-treated patients). Median PFS and OS were 10.3 vs. 9.5 months and 26.9 vs. 21.1 months in RAS-wildtype (and BRAF-wildtype) and RAS-mut patients, respectively. The TRIBE consortium reported that a 3-CT (FOLFOXIRI) combined with bevacizumab provided a significantly longer PFS (the primary end-point of the study) than did the 2-CT FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab . In the subgroup of RAS- and BRAF-wild-type patients, those in the FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab group reported a median PFS of 13.7 months (95% CI, 10.1-18.1) compared with 12.2 months (95%CI, 9.5-14.4) in the FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab group (HR 0.85, 95%CI 0.55-1.3).
Later on, the same group reported that FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab provided a significantly longer overall survival than the FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab group (HR 0.80, 95%CI 0·65-0·98; p=0·03) . Looking at survival by RAS status, Cremolini reported that median OS was 37.1 months (95%CI, 29.7-42.7) in the RAS- and BRAF-wild-type subgroup compared with 25.6 months (95%CI, 22.4-28.6) in the RAS-mut subgroup (HR 1.49, 95%CI, 1.11-1·99). Interestingly, median PFS was 13.7 months (95% CI 10.1-18.1) in the RAS-wild-type subgroup treated with FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab, while PFS data were not given for the RAS-mut patients . However, for these RAS-mut patients, it was possible to estimate the median PFS (i.e. 9.4 months) from the Kaplan-Meier curve which was provided.
Regorafenib is a small-molecule inhibitor of multiple membrane-bound and intracellular kinases. Beyond its well-known antiangiogenic properties, regorafenib has also less-known anti-proliferative activities in human colon cancer cell lines. Interestingly, regorafenib potently inhibits growth of patient-derived CRC xenografts alone and in combination with irinotecan . Regorafenib is approved for refractory mCRC patients, for locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic GIST patients and for HCC patients previously treated with sorafenib. The recommended dose is 160 mg (40 mg × 4 tablets) orally, once daily for the first 21 days of each 28-day cycle. Two phase III trials demonstrated a significant overall survival benefit for regorafenib over placebo in patients with mCRC who progressed on standard therapies . Two phase II trials studied the safety and efficacy profile of regorafenib when combined to chemotherapy in patients with mCRC . In vitro data indicate that both regorafenib and its metabolite M-2 inhibit glucuronidation mediated by UGT1A1 ( uridine 5'diphospho-glucuronosyl transferase A1) and UGT1A9 (whereas M-5 only inhibits UGT1A1), hence triggering potential pharmacokinetic interactions. The study from Schultheis was designed to explore whether addition of regorafenib to FOLFOX or FOLFIRI could be feasible as a treatment of mCRC, in terms of safety and pharmacokinetic interactions of the various drug components of the regimen. Forty-five patients were treated every 2 weeks with 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m² bolus then 2400 mg/m² over 46 h, folinic acid 400 mg/m², and either oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² or irinotecan 180 mg/m².
On days 4-10, patients received regorafenib 160 mg orally once daily. Drug-related adverse events resulted in dose modification, dose interruption, or permanent discontinuation of study treatment in 31 (69%) patients overall (18 [72%] FOLFOX and 13 [65%] FOLFIRI).
Dose reduction or dose interruption of at least one of the chemotherapy components was observed in 52% of patients treated with FOLFOX and 65% of patients receiving FOLFIRI. A dose reduction of 5-fluorouracil due to AEs was necessary in 18% of administered cycles. 5-Fluorouracil administration was omitted in 8% of cycles. Oxaliplatin and irinotecan doses were reduced in 11% and 12% and interrupted in 11% and 5% of administered cycles, respectively. Actually, regorafenib had acceptable tolerability in combination with chemotherapy. The most frequent grade 3-4 AEs were: neutropenia (45%), Hand-Foot Skin Reaction (15%), diarrhea (10%), and hypophosphatemia (12%). Regarding pharmacokinetics, area under the curve (AUC) of irinotecan was significantly higher in cycle 2 (following regorafenib dosing) than in cycle 1 (before regorafenib dosing); the ratio of AUC values (cycle 2:cycle 1) was 1.28 (90% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 -1.54). Cmax of irinotecan was only slightly increased, and t½ (half-life) was unchanged. For SN-38 (metabolite of irinotecan), AUC was significantly higher in cycle 2 than in cycle 1 (ratio 1.44, 90% CI 1.12-1.85), while Cmax was unchanged. In line with the known elimination pathways of platinum and 5-fluorouracil, no pharmacokinetic interaction with regorafenib was seen . The study from O'Neil was designed to show whether the addition of regorafenib to FOLFIRI improves PFS (over a placebo-FOLFIRI arm) when given as second-line therapy for patients treated initially with oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine-based therapy. The regorafenib/FOLFIRI schedule that was used was the one proposed by Schultheis (i.e. standard FOLFIRI with irinotecan 180 mg/m² plus regorafenib 160 mg daily from day 4 to 10). The study met its primary endpoint of demonstrating that the addition of regorafenib to FOLFIRI prolongs PFS compared to FOLFIRI alone with a HR (Hazard Ratio) of 0.72. When looking at tumor response, authors found that regorafenib (combined to chemo) provided more partial responses than placebo plus chemo (35% vs. 19%, p= 0.045). The combination was very tolerable, with little increase in toxicity compared to the control chemotherapy regimen. Of note, regarding the top-3 reported severe (gr. 3-4) AEs, neutropenia, diarrhea, and hypophosphatemia were reported in 41%, 15%, and 14% of the patients, respectively (as compared to 30%, 5%, and 0% in the placebo group).
Actually, there is room to combine regorafenib with a chemo triplet such as FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin) on the following conditions: controlling patients on UGT1A polymorphisms (at least UGT1A1), stepwise dose-escalation of irinotecan and regorafenib, mandatory granulocyte growth-factor injections.
Inclusion Criteria:
Written informed consent for full study.
Documentation of tumor RAS mutation, wild-type homozygous, heterozygous status of UGT1A1 gene. The status of UGT1A1 gene will be performed by the laboratory chosen by the investigator
Serum uracile < 16 ng/ml
Measurable disease, defined as at least one unidimensional measurable lesion on a CT scan, according to RECIST version 1.1.
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤1.
Life expectancy of at least 3 months.
Adequate bone marrow, renal and liver functions as evidenced by the following laboratory requirements within 7 days prior to study treatment initiation: Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1,500/ mm3 without biologic response modifiers such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), within 21 days before the start of study treatment, Platelet count ≥ 100 000/mm3 , without platelet transfusion within 21 days before the start of study treatment ,Hemoglobin (Hb) ≥ 9 g/dL, without blood transfusion or erythropoietin, within 21 days before the start of study treatment, Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal(ULN) Serum calcium ≥ Lower limits of normal LLN and ≤ 1.2 x UNL ; Serum magnesium ≥ LLN and ≤ 1.2 x UNL ; Kalemia ≥ LLN, Glomerular filtration rate as assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 50 mL/min per 1.73 m2 calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) abbreviated formula, Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2.5 x ULN (≤ 5 x ULN for patients with liver involvement of their cancer), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≤ 2.5 x ULN (≤ 5.0 x ULN for patients with liver involvement for their cancer and/or bone metastases).
Lipase ≤ 1.5 x ULN.
Adequate coagulation, as assessed by the following laboratory test results:
International normalized ratio (INR) ≤ 1.5 or prothrombin time (PT) ≤ 1.5 x ULN, Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or activated PTT (aPTT) ≤ 1.5 x ULN, Note: Patients on stable dose (dose has not been changed in at least 28 days) of anticoagulation therapy will be allowed to participate if they have no sign of bleeding or clotting and INR / PT and PTT / aPTT test results are compatible with the acceptable benefit-risk ratio at the investigator's discretion. In such case, limits as noted would not apply.
For women of reproductive potential, negative serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) pregnancy test obtained within 7 days before the start of study treatment. Women not of reproductive potential are female patients who are postmenopausal or permanently sterilized (e.g., tubal occlusion, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy).
For women of childbearing potential and men, agreement to use an adequate contraception for the duration of study participation and up to 4 months following completion of therapy for women and 6 months for male patients. Females of childbearing potential who are sexually active with a non-sterilized male partner must use 2 methods of effective contraception. The investigator or a designated associate is requested to advise the patient on how to achieve an adequate birth control.
Adequate contraception is defined in the study as any medically recommended method (or combination of methods) as per standard of care.
Willingness and ability to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests and other study procedures.
Affiliation to the Social Security System.
Exclusion Criteria:
Previous or concurrent cancer that is distinct in primary site or histology from colorectal cancer within 5 years prior to study inclusion, except for curatively treated cervical cancer in situ, non-melanoma skin cancer and superficial bladder tumors [Ta (noninvasive tumor), Tis (carcinoma in situ) and T1 (lamina propria invasion)].
Discovery of metastases within 6 months after the termination of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Previous treatment for metastatic disease. Radiotherapy within 28 days prior to first dose of treatment.
Active cardiac disease including any of the following:
Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 2, Unstable angina (angina symptoms at rest), new-onset angina (begun within the last 3 months), Myocardial infarction less than 6 months before first dose of treatment, Cardiac arrhythmias requiring anti-arrhythmic therapy (beta blockers or digoxin are permitted).
ECG with a QT/QTc interval higher than 450 ms for men and higher than 470 ms for women Uncontrolled hypertension.
Uncontrolled hypertension. (Systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure > 90 mmHg despite optimal medical management).
Arterial or venous thrombotic or embolic events such as cerebrovascular accident (including transient ischemic attacks), deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism within 6 months before start of treatment.
8;Persistent proteinuria of National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE V5) grade 3 (i.e. urinary protein ≥ 3.5 g/24 hrs) 9;Peripheral neuropathy > grade1 (NCI-CTCAE v5). 10.Major surgical procedure, open biopsy, or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to first dose of Treatment.
11.Ongoing infection >grade 2 (NCI-CTCAE v5). 12.Known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 13.Chronic hepatitis B or C infection (if hepatitis status cannot be obtained from medical records, re-testing is required).
14.Seizure disorder requiring medication. 15.Symptomatic metastatic brain or meningeal tumors. 16.Evidence or history of any bleeding diathesis, irrespective of severity. Any hemorrhage or bleeding event ≥ grade 3 (NCI-CTCAE v5) within 4 weeks prior to the start of study medication.
17.History of organ allograft. 18.Non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture. 19.Dehydration Grade 1 NCI-CTCAE v5). 20.Substance abuse, medical, psychological, or social conditions that may interfere with the patient's participation in the study or evaluation of the study results.
21.Known hypersensitivity to any of the study drugs, study drug classes, or any constituent of the products.
22.Interstitial lung disease with ongoing signs and symptoms. 23.Concomitant intake of St. John's wort. 24.Live attenuated vaccines are prohibited 10 days before the treatment, during the treatment and 3 months after the termination of treatment 25.History of gastrointestinal fistula or perforation 26.Inability to swallow oral medication. 27.Any malabsorption condition. 28.Pregnant or breast-feeding subjects. 29.Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with the evaluation of study treatment or interpretation of patient safety or study results.
30.Participation in another clinical study with an investigational product during the last 30 days before inclusion. 31.Patients who might be interconnected with or dependent on the sponsor site or the investigator.
32.Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity.