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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of counseling for prenatal screening and diagnostic tests on pregnant women's decisional conflict, being sure of the decision, anxiety levels, and attitudes towards the tests. This prospective randomized controlled intervention study was conducted between the dates June 2017 and March 2018 in a training and research hospital, department of obstetrics and gynecology. The sample of the study consisted of 210 pregnant women who took antenatal care between the 8-11th gestational weeks of whom 112 were in the intervention group and 98 were in the control group. The data were collected by using Data Collection Form, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI I-II), Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS), Sure Scale (SURE), Knowledge Evaluation Form about Prenatal Genetic Screening and Diagnostic Tests, Prenatal Counseling Satisfaction Form, Decision Satisfaction Form and Attitudes towards the tests Scale. The study carried out in two stages. In the first stage; women's data were collected before and after participating prenatal genetic screening tests. After the results of the screening test were taken, the data were collected again. Counseling was provided for 112 pregnant women about prenatal screening and diagnostic tests before participating tests. Routine clinical information was given for 98 pregnant women who were in control group. Both groups were pre and post-tested at the same times. In the second phase, pregnant women who had diagnostic tests were evaluated. Counseling for prenatal genetic diagnosis tests was provided for 31 pregnant women in inetervetion group women and routine clinical information was providen for 26 pregnant women who were in control group. Data were collected again with data collection tools before and after the diagnostic test.
Pregnant Women Who Had Only Prenatal Genetic Screening Tests In intervention group, pregnant women, who were in 8-11th gestational weeks, before prenatal genetic counseling, answered the questions in "Descriptive Features Data Collection Form", "Decisional Conflict Scale", "The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale", "Information Evaluation Form about Prenatal Screening Tests ","Decision Satisfaction Scale", "Attitudes towards the tests Scale". Later, individual interviews were made with pregnant women education was given with slide show about prenatal diagnosis and screening tests to pregnant women. In addition a training brochure which was prepared by the researcher was given to the pregnant women. It took about 20 minutes for the data collection forms to be answered and counseling was took about 25 minutes. After counseling, pregnant women were interviewed again at 14th week. The pregnant women were asked whether they had a screening test and the results were recorded. Then pregnant women were answered "Decisional Conflict Scale", "The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale", "Information Evaluation Form about Prenatal Screening Tests ","Decision Satisfaction Scale", "Attitudes towards the tests Scale" again. At the following antenatal visits (16-20th weeks), the pregnant women were asked whether they had triple, quadruple or NIPT and the test results were recorded in the data collection form. At the end of the 20th week, the data collection process of pregnant women who did not have any problems related to fetus and who were recommended to continue routine follow-up was terminated. In control group pregnant women answered same data collection forms in same weeks, but counseling was not given to this group. For this group routine clinical procedure was performed.
Pregnant Women Who Had Also Prenatal Genetic Diagnostic Tests Prenatal genetic diagnostic tests were recommended to pregnant women who had high risk results according to prenatal screening test. Pregnant women with high risk and diagnostic test were referred to genetic consultation in both intervention and control groups. After genetic consultation, pregnant women were answered "Decisional Conflict Scale", "The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale", "Information Evaluation Form about Prenatal Diagnostic Tests", "Decision Satisfaction Scale", "Attitudes towards the tests Scale". Then specific counseling was given to invasive test recommended by the doctor. The pregnant woman was asked if she would like to have a diagnostic test and if she didn't want to, the reason was recorded in the data collection form.
If the pregnant woman decided to have a diagnostic test, "The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale" was applied again after the procedure. Then pregnant women were interviewed again after about three weeks and their results were evaluated and they answered "Decisional Conflict Scale", "Information Evaluation Form about Prenatal Diagnostic Tests", "Decision Satisfaction Scale", "Attitudes towards the tests Scale". Their decision about to continue or terminate pregnancy was recorded in the data collection form. In control group pregnant women answered same data collection forms in same weeks, but counseling was not given to this group. For this group routine clinical procedure was performed.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Active Comparator | An individual and comprehensive prenatal genetic counseling was given to all pregnant women in the intervention group, including all screening tests and diagnostic tests for prenatal diagnosis and screening tests at the first antenatal visit. |
|
| Control | No Intervention | There was no intervention from the first antenatal visit in the control group. Routine clinical information was given about prenatal screening and diagnostic tests. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prenatal Genetic Counseling | Behavioral | In this study prenatal genetic screening counseling was provided from the begining of the pregnancy, different from the other studies in the literature. In the literature, most of the study evaluated pregnant women's anxiety, information status about the test and decisional conflicts, only prenatal screening process or prenatal diagnosis process. In this study pregnant women were evaluated both in prenatal screening test and prenatal diagnosis procedures. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | The State Anxiety Scale evaluates the current state of anxiety. The expressions (1) in the articles are rated as (2) slightly, (3) very, (4) completely, and the scale is answered by marking the ones that meet the current situation of the person. The total point value obtained from scale may vary between 20 and 80 points. High score indicates high anxiety level and low score indicates low anxiety level | In 8-11th gestational weeks |
| Decisional Conflict | Pregnant women's decisional conflict scale points: 5-point Likert type and 16 questions. Each item varies between "Strongly Agree ıy and" Strongly Disagree Her. Each item contains direct expressions, and I absolutely agree with = 0 points, Agree = 1 points, Undecided = 2 points, Disagree = 3 points and Strongly Disagree = 4 points. While calculating the total scale score; points are awarded to all items. The score is divided by the total number of items and is multiplied by 25 and the scale score is obtained. There is no cut-off point in the scale evaluating decision conflict scores. As the score obtained from the scale increases, the level of decision conflict increases. | In 8-11th gestational weeks |
| SURE Scale | Pregnant women's SURE Scale points: It is double likert type. Items Yes = 1 point No = 0 points. Zero points mean that there is a very high decision-making conflict, while 4 points mean that there is no conflict. Scores of 3 points or less indicate a conflict of interest. | In 8-11th gestational weeks |
| Knowledge Form About Prenatal Genetic Screening and Diagnostic Tests | Pregnant Women's Prenatal Genetic Screening and Diagnostic Tests Form points: The information evaluation form for prenatal screening tests was developed by the researcher as a result of literature review. The information evaluation form for prenatal screening tests consists of 12 statements. The aim of the prenatal screening tests is to provide information about the diseases, the weeks of screening tests, risk values and what they mean. For each phrase there are yes, I don't know and no options.Twelve is Highest, 0 is the lowest scores. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | The State Anxiety Scale evaluates the current state of anxiety. The expressions (1) in the articles are rated as (2) slightly, (3) very, (4) completely, and the scale is answered by marking the ones that meet the current situation of the person. The total point value obtained from scale may vary between 20 and 80 points. High score indicates high anxiety level and low score indicates low anxiety level |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Decisional Conflict Scale | Pregnant women's Decisional Conflict Scale points: 5-point Likert type and 16 questions. Each item varies between "Strongly Agree ıy and" Strongly Disagree Her. Each item contains direct expressions, and I absolutely agree with = 0 points, Agree = 1 points, Undecided = 2 points, Disagree = 3 points and Strongly Disagree = 4 points. While calculating the total scale score; points are awarded to all items. The score is divided by the total number of items and is multiplied by 25 and the scale score is obtained. There is no cut-off point in the scale evaluating decision conflict scores. As the score obtained from the scale increases, the level of decision conflict increases. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
pregnant women was evaluated in this study
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| İlknur Yeşilçınar, PhD. RN. | Health Science University | Study Director |
| Gülten Güvenç, Assoc. Prof. | Health Science University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health Science University | Ankara | 06010 | Turkey (Türkiye) | |||
| University Of Health Sciences |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29024868 | Background | Martin L, Gitsels-van der Wal JT, de Boer MA, Vanstone M, Henneman L. Introduction of non-invasive prenatal testing as a first-tier aneuploidy screening test: A survey among Dutch midwives about their role as counsellors. Midwifery. 2018 Jan;56:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.008. Epub 2017 Sep 24. | |
| Background | Amel S.H., Ali A, Hassan S.A, Momtaz M., Abdelhaleem Z., Negm S. Impact of A Structured Prenatal Counseling on Anxiety Level Among Women Undergoing Amniocentesis. American Journal of Research Communication, 2014; 2(6): 97-108} www.usa-journals.com, ISSN: 2325-4076. | ||
| 29067542 |
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| In 8-11th gestational weeks |
| Attitudes Towards The Tests Scale | Pregnant women's Attitudes Towards The Tests scale points: Good idea to participate in testing for prenatal screening and diagnostic tests on the scale (7 points), bad idea (1 point); useful (7 points), not useful (1 point); harmful (1 point), not harmful (7 points); a bad idea (1 point), not a bad idea (7 points) were asked to rank between 1 and 7 points. One point represents negative attitude and 7 points represent a very positive attitude. According to the opinions of the pregnant women about the prenatal screening and diagnostic tests, it was stated that they could give the expressions between 1 and 7, and they were asked to answer the scale. The highest score to be obtained from this scale is 28 and the lowest score is 4. | In 8-11th gestational weeks |
| Decision Satisfaction Form | Pregnant women's Decision Satisfaction Form points: Developed by researchers. The participants were asked to evaluate whether they were satisfied with their decisions, to make an informed decision, to make informed decisions, to make the same decision if they had experienced the same situation again. In this form, which consists of five questions and has a five-point Likert type, the expressions are evaluated with 5 (strongly agree), 4 (agree), 3 (unclear), 2 (disagree), 1 (strongly disagree) options. The highest 25 points are the lowest 5 points. High score shows high satisfaction. | In 8-11th gestational weeks |
| In 13-14th gestational weeks |
| Decisional Conflict Scale | Pregnant women's decisional conflict scale points: 5-point Likert type and 16 questions. Each item varies between "Strongly Agree ıy and" Strongly Disagree Her. Each item contains direct expressions, and I absolutely agree with = 0 points, Agree = 1 points, Undecided = 2 points, Disagree = 3 points and Strongly Disagree = 4 points. While calculating the total scale score; points are awarded to all items. The score is divided by the total number of items and is multiplied by 25 and the scale score is obtained. There is no cut-off point in the scale evaluating decision conflict scores. As the score obtained from the scale increases, the level of decision conflict increases. | In 13-14th gestational weeks |
| SURE Scale | Pregnant women's SURE Scale points: It is double likert type. Items Yes = 1 point No = 0 points. Zero points mean that there is a very high decision-making conflict, while 4 points mean that there is no conflict. Scores of 3 points or less indicate a conflict of interest. | In 13-14th gestational weeks |
| Knowledge Form About Prenatal Genetic Screening and Diagnostic Tests | Pregnant women's Knowledge About Prenatal Genetic Screening and Diagnostic Tests Form Points: The information evaluation form for prenatal screening tests was developed by the researcher as a result of literature review. The information evaluation form for prenatal screening tests consists of 12 statements. The aim of the prenatal screening tests is to provide information about the diseases, the weeks of screening tests, risk values and what they mean. For each phrase there are yes, I don't know and no options. Twelve is Highest, 0 is the lowest scores. | In 13-14th gestational weeks |
| Attitudes Towards The Tests Scale | Pregnant women's Attitudes Towards The Tests Scale Points: Good idea to participate in testing for prenatal screening and diagnostic tests on the scale (7 points), bad idea (1 point); useful (7 points), not useful (1 point); harmful (1 point), not harmful (7 points); a bad idea (1 point), not a bad idea (7 points) were asked to rank between 1 and 7 points. One point represents negative attitude and 7 points represent a very positive attitude. According to the opinions of the pregnant women about the prenatal screening and diagnostic tests, it was stated that they could give the expressions between 1 and 7, and they were asked to answer the scale. The highest score to be obtained from this scale is 28 and the lowest score is 4. | In 13-14th gestational weeks |
| Decision Satisfaction Form | Pregnant Women's Decision Satisfaction Form Points: Developed by researchers. The participants were asked to evaluate whether they were satisfied with their decisions, to make an informed decision, to make informed decisions, to make the same decision if they had experienced the same situation again. In this form, which consists of five questions and has a five-point Likert type, the expressions are evaluated with 5 (strongly agree), 4 (agree), 3 (unclear), 2 (disagree), 1 (strongly disagree) options. The highest 25 points are the lowest 5 points. High score shows high satisfaction. | In 13-14th gestational weeks |
| Before performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 16 weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 12 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling (For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| SURE Scale | Pregnant women's SURE Scale points: It is double likert type. Items Yes = 1 point No = 0 points. Zero points mean that there is a very high decision-making conflict, while 4 points mean that there is no conflict. Scores of 3 points or less indicate a conflict of interest. | Before performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 16 weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 12 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling (For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Knowledge Form About Prenatal Genetic Diagnostic Tests | Pregnant women's Knowledge About Prenatal Genetic Diagnostic Tests Form points: The information evaluation form for prenatal diagnostic tests was developed by the researcher as a result of literature review. The information evaluation form for prenatal diagnostic tests consists of 10 statements. The aim of this form is to provide information about the diseases, the weeks of diagnostic tests, tests' aims and what they mean. For each phrase there are yes, I don't know and no options. Ten is Highest, 0 is the lowest scores. | Before performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 16 weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 12 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling (For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Attitudes Towards The Tests Scale | Pregnant women's Attitudes Towards The Tests Scale points: Good idea to participate in testing for prenatal screening and diagnostic tests on the scale (7 points), bad idea (1 point); useful (7 points), not useful (1 point); harmful (1 point), not harmful (7 points); a bad idea (1 point), not a bad idea (7 points) were asked to rank between 1 and 7 points. One point represents negative attitude and 7 points represent a very positive attitude. According to the opinions of the pregnant women about the prenatal screening and diagnostic tests, it was stated that they could give the expressions between 1 and 7, and they were asked to answer the scale. The highest score to be obtained from this scale is 28 and the lowest score is 4. | Before performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 16 weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 12 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling (For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Decision Satisfaction Form | Pregnant women's Decision Satisfaction Form points:Developed by researchers. The participants were asked to evaluate whether they were satisfied with their decisions, to make an informed decision, to make informed decisions, to make the same decision if they had experienced the same situation again. In this form, which consists of five questions and has a five-point Likert type, the expressions are evaluated with 5 (strongly agree), 4 (agree), 3 (unclear), 2 (disagree), 1 (strongly disagree) options. The highest 25 points are the lowest 5 points. High score shows high satisfaction. | Before performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 16 weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 12 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling (For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Anxiety | The State Anxiety Scale evaluates the current state of anxiety. The expressions (1) in the articles are rated as (2) slightly, (3) very, (4) completely, and the scale is answered by marking the ones that meet the current situation of the person. The total point value obtained from scale may vary between 20 and 80 points. High score indicates high anxiety level and low score indicates low anxiety level | Before performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 16 weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 12 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling (For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Anxiety | The State Anxiety Scale evaluates the current state of anxiety. The expressions (1) in the articles are rated as (2) slightly, (3) very, (4) completely, and the scale is answered by marking the ones that meet the current situation of the person. The total point value obtained from scale may vary between 20 and 80 points. High score indicates high anxiety level and low score indicates low anxiety level | After performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 20th weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 16 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling(For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Decisional Conflict Scale | Pregnant women's Decisional Conflict Scale points: 5-point Likert type and 16 questions. Each item varies between "Strongly Agree ıy and" Strongly Disagree Her. Each item contains direct expressions, and I absolutely agree with = 0 points, Agree = 1 points, Undecided = 2 points, Disagree = 3 points and Strongly Disagree = 4 points. While calculating the total scale score; points are awarded to all items. The score is divided by the total number of items and is multiplied by 25 and the scale score is obtained. There is no cut-off point in the scale evaluating decision conflict scores. As the score obtained from the scale increases, the level of decision conflict increases. | After performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 20th weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 16 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling(For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| SURE Scale | Pregnant women's SURE Scale points: It is double likert type. Items Yes = 1 point No = 0 points. Zero points mean that there is a very high decision-making conflict, while 4 points mean that there is no conflict. Scores of 3 points or less indicate a conflict of interest. | After performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 20th weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 16 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling(For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Knowledge Form About Prenatal Genetic Diagnostic Tests | Pregnant women's Knowledge About Prenatal Genetic Diagnostic Tests Form points: The information evaluation form for prenatal diagnostic tests was developed by the researcher as a result of literature review. The information evaluation form for prenatal diagnostic tests consists of 10 statements. The aim of this form is to provide information about the diseases, the weeks of diagnostic tests, tests' aims and what they mean. For each phrase there are yes, I don't know and no options. Ten is Highest, 0 is the lowest scores. | After performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 20th weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 16 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling(For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Attitudes Towards The Tests Scale | Pregnant women's Attitudes Towards The Tests Scale points: Good idea to participate in testing for prenatal screening and diagnostic tests on the scale (7 points), bad idea (1 point); useful (7 points), not useful (1 point); harmful (1 point), not harmful (7 points); a bad idea (1 point), not a bad idea (7 points) were asked to rank between 1 and 7 points. One point represents negative attitude and 7 points represent a very positive attitude. According to the opinions of the pregnant women about the prenatal screening and diagnostic tests, it was stated that they could give the expressions between 1 and 7, and they were asked to answer the scale. The highest score to be obtained from this scale is 28 and the lowest score is 4. | After performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 20th weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 16 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling(For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Decision Satisfaction Form | Pregnant women's Decision Satisfaction Form points: Developed by researchers. The participants were asked to evaluate whether they were satisfied with their decisions, to make an informed decision, to make informed decisions, to make the same decision if they had experienced the same situation again. In this form, which consists of five questions and has a five-point Likert type, the expressions are evaluated with 5 (strongly agree), 4 (agree), 3 (unclear), 2 (disagree), 1 (strongly disagree) options. The highest 25 points are the lowest 5 points. High score shows high satisfaction. | After performing prenatal genetic diagnostic test at 20th weeks for who had amniosenthesis, 16 weeks for who had corionic villus sampling(For Women who had diagnostic tests) |
| Ankara |
| 06010 |
| Turkey (Türkiye) |
| Result |
| Long S, O'Leary P, Lobo R, Dickinson JE. Women's Understanding and Attitudes towards Down Syndrome and Other Genetic Conditions in the Context of Prenatal Screening. J Genet Couns. 2018 Jun;27(3):647-655. doi: 10.1007/s10897-017-0167-7. Epub 2017 Oct 24. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002869 | Chromosome Aberrations |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005817 | Genetic Counseling |
| D003376 | Counseling |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D033142 | Genetic Services |
| D006296 | Health Services |
| D005159 | Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services |
| D008605 | Mental Health Services |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| D003153 | Community Health Services |
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